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English Grammar Article: a, an, the - Long Notes/ Clear Reference in details.

Basically there are two types of articles in English: the definite (the) and the indefinite (a/an). The terms definite and indefinite designate meaning associated with the noun that an article precedes..


Definite: The
                  Definite implies that a noun is specifically. The use of the definite article 'the' therefore, presupposes that the speaker and the listener can identify the noun that follow it.
Indefinite: A/An

                   Indefinite means 'identifiable in general.' The indefinite article, a/an, occurs when the listener is not expected to be able to identify the object.
Specifically. The listener may only know the concept represented by the noun.


Uses of 'a' and 'an'

1. A is used before a singular countable noun having consonant sound.
eg. a cat, a ball, a union, a awe, a European, a B.A., a useful book, a unicorn, a unit, a university, a one legged man, a kilo,  a litre, a bouquet of flowers, a farmer/teacher etc.

2. An is used before a singular countable noun having vowel sound.
eg. an apple, an engineer, an information, an ugly girl, an owl, an egg, an hour, an M.A., an SLC graduate, an FRCS, an honest boy, an honourable man, an LDO, an SP, an heir, an ISI agent, an NNC training etc.


Use of "The"

1. Before a repeated noun.
For eg. I saw a cow. The cow was red.

2. Before the names of rivers, seas, oceans and Islands.
For eg. Rivers: The Koshi, The Narayani, The Mechi, The Gandaki, The Jamuna etc.
Seas: The Black sea, The Bay of Bangals, The Red sea, The Arabia sea, The Caribean sea, The Dead sea, The Yellow sea etc.
Oceans and Islands:
The Pacific oceans, The Indian oceans, The Isle of Man etc.

3. Before the names of religious books.
For eg. The Vedas, The Ramayana, The Quoran, The Gita, The Bible, The Tripitak etc.

4. Before the names of Mountain ranges.
For eg. The Himalayas, The Alps, The Rockies etc.

5. Before the names of Unique things or the planets.
For eg. The earth, The plato, The sun, The moon etc.

6. Before the names of plural names of the countries.
For eg: The USA, The UK, The USSR, The Netherlands, The Philippines

7. Before the names of Desert.
For eg: The Sahara, The Thar, The Gobi, The Sahel etc.

8. Before the names of Political parties.
For eg: The Communist party of Nepal, The Nepali Congress, The Labour party, The Democrat etc.

9. Before the plural names of families.
For eg: The Gurungs, The Rana, The Sapkotas etc.

10. Before the names of historical buildings and monuments.
For eg: The Taj, The Krishna Mandir, The Hanuman Dhoka Darbar etc.

11. Before the names of musical instruments.
For eg: The madal, The piano, The violin, The harmonium etc.

12. Before the names of news paper.
For eg: The Kantipur, The Kathmandu Post, The Dainik Patra, The Indian Times etc.

13. Before the names of periods in history.
For eg: The Stone age, The Renaissance, The Modern age, The Post modern age etc.

14. Before the names of famous hotels.
For eg: The Yak and Yati, The Annapurna, The Phulbari etc.

15. Before the names of Nationality "adjectives".
For eg: The Nepali, The Indian, The Scottish, The French, The English etc.

16. Before the names of ships.
For eg: The Mary Celeste, The Queen Marry, The Rita Anne etc.

17. Before the names of direction, latitude and longitude.
For eg: The east, The west, The Tropic of cancer, The prime Meridian, The Tropic of Capricorn etc.

18. Before the names of unique objects of the house.
For eg: The Kitchen, The toilet, The bathroom, The door etc.

19. Before the theatre, Cinema and office.
For eg: The theatre, The cinema, The office.

20. Before superlative degree of an adjective.
For eg: The tallest, The best, The youngest, The most intelligent etc

21. Before the names of club, international organizations.
For eg: The Leo club, The UNO, The Red Cross etc.

22. Before the ordinal adjective.
For eg: The first, The third, The tenth etc.

23. Before the names of decade and century.
For eg: The thirties, The twenties, The fifteenth century etc.

24. Before the names of national days.
For eg: The Martyr's day, The Education day, The Democracy day etc.

25. Before the names of inventions.
For eg: The computer, The telescope, The mobile, The television, The telephone etc.

26. Before the adjectives that represents identifiable social group.
For eg: The deaf, The blind, The poor, The rich, The elderly, The young, The sick, The old, The unemployed etc.

27. Before the Daybreaks.
For eg: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening etc.

28. Before the proper noun when they are used as common.
For eg: The great Caesar, The Shakespeare etc.

29. Before the school, campus, market, temple, hospital, church, prison, bed when they are used for secondary purposes.
For eg: I went  to the school to see my friend.

30. Before the chief of any organization.
For eg: The Principal, The Prime Minister, The President, The Manager etc.

31. If the adjectives of two comparative degree are related.
For eg: The more one earns the more one wants.

32. Before the states' names  and geographical division of the nation.
For eg: The Terai region, The Uttar Pardesh, The Bihar etc.

33. Noun with the clause.
For eg: The women is red sari is my teacher.
The pen which was was brought from Kathmandu is excellent.


OMISSION OF ARTICLE


1. Before the proper noun.
For eg: Person: X Ram, X Mr john, X Sharmila etc.
For eg: Place: X Palpa, X Beni, X Syangja, X New  York etc.
For eg: Country: X Nepal, X India, X China etc.

2. Before the names of relations.
For eg: X father, X sister, X maternal uncle, X nephew etc.

3. Before the school, campus market, temple, hospital, church, prison, bed when they are used for general purposes.
For eg: I went to X school to take classes.
He rushed to X hospital for his health check up.

4. Before the names of games, languages, subjects, days and months.
For eg: My son knows X English/Newari / Sanskrit languages.
We play X volleyball/ basketball/ tennis.
X Sunday, X January, X December, X Friday etc.


5. Before the means of transport. (By +means of transport)
For eg: She goes to school by X bus.
But article can be used in the following cases. (in/on+ vehicles)
For eg: She sat in the train.
She goes to school on the bus.


6. Uncountable  and plural nouns in general terms.
For eg: X pearl is bright.
X gold is expensive.
X dogs are X animals.
'The' can be used to specify like:
For eg: The pearl to USA is bright.
The dogs in the farm are sincere.


7. Before seasons.
For eg: Heavy rain fall in X rainy season.
The' can be used to show the specific situation of particular season like:
For eg: I got married in the spring of 2005.


8.Before a possessive adjective followed by a noun.
For eg: X his pant, X her basket


9. Before the names of subject.
For eg: X Physics, X Mathematics, X Science


10. Before meals.
For eg: I have X dinner/ lunch/ breakfast.
"A"/"an"/"the" can be used to show the specific meal or if an adjective comes before the meal.
For eg: I have a light breakfast in the morning.
The wedding dinner in the Prime Minister's residence is memorable.


11. Before some expressions.
For eg: at X home, on X top of, on X earth, at X night, on X foot, at X hand, at X dinner, at X first sight etc.


12. Before colours.
For eg: X red, X black, X blue etc.


13. Before abstract nouns.
For eg: X honesty is the best policy.
"The" can be used if the abstract nouns are used in definite sense.
For eg: The honesty shown by our school students is really admirable.


14. With the words like appoint, declare, elect, make+noun.
For eg: Raj was declared X thief.
She was appointed X peon.


15. Before the names of diseases.
For eg: She died of X asthma.
X cholera can be easily communicated.


EXERCISE-1

Fill in the blanks with 'a', 'an' or 'the' or 'X':

1. She is ...............ugly lady.
2. He is ................very tall girl.
3. He is ...........BA student.
4. She is ...........MA student.
5. He buys ............T-shirt.
6. .............. Rising Nepal is a national newspaper.
7. She prays in.........temple.
8. She goes to.........temple to repair its window.
9. I read.............Ramayana.
10. He is..........honest man.
11. She is ...........SLC graduate.
12. .........Mary Celeste moves in the ocean.
13. ............. Sahara desert is a vast land.
14. He saw............ewe.
15. She is ............untidy lady.
16. Some of ............... boys are irregular.
17. ............more one gets, ...........more  one needs.
18. She is..........first girl in grade 10.
19.  My wife is .............engineer.
20. He is...........one eyed man.
21. ...........Alps lies in ...............USA.
22. That costs..............hundred rupees.
23. Please, have ............drink.
24. As.............result, he fails.
25. He visits his village in..........Dashain holiday.
26. He visited his village at...........Dashain.
27. A horse is.............animals.
28. .............white horses in your stable in clever.
29. They came from...............Switzerland.
30. Beni is called.............mini Switzerland.
31. I saw ............one eyed tiger.
32. ................Nepalese are honest.
33. I took..............dinner.
34. He is..............union member.
35. I climbed .............Mount Everest.
36. Raju is ................LDO but Sita is ............CDO.
37. He played...........harmonium but she played...........cricket.
38. He is...............honest teacher.
39. I always submit.........hourly report.
40. They made.........unanimous decision.
41. I read...........physics.
42. .............pen in his pocket is red.
43. He is.........tenth boy in our class.
44. John is from.............UK but shyam is from........Nepal.


Fill in the blanks with 'a', 'an' or 'the' or 'X':


1. ..............Beauty of Muktinath is remarkable.
2. She plays.........Madal well.
3. He is ............union member.
4. She had..............dinner.
5. I met..........one eyed baby.
6. Salary is paid by..............month.
7. This is ....................UN declaration.
8. ..........principal is in the office.
9. .................honesty is the best policy.
10. I attended ............dinner party of my friend's wedding.
11. Gita goes there...........bus.
12. .............gold is expensive.
13. ..............gold of Nepal is expensive.
14. Galilio invented ............telescope.
15. It is........U-turn.
16. .............French are clever.
17. I saw.............Dead sea.
18. I hurt my.........leg.
19. Robber shot in .............leg.
20 My horse turns to..........east.
21. ................sun is a star.
22. This is ...............only cinema hall in town.
23. She is................M.sc in chemistry.
24. I found...........book you were asking for.
25. She is ..................good girl.
26. ..................Binita is a girl.
27. He meets me in..............evening.
28. She is .................useful member.
29. This is ..............village where I was born.
30. Srilanka is .................island.
31. I know he is .............best student.
32. My sister is ................MA student.
33. Have you read..............Bible.
34. We played..............volleyball yesterday.
35. That is..............book I like most.
36. It is...........one rupee note.
37. Mt. Everest is.............highest mountain in the world.
38. Nepal is ...............country where Lord Buddha was born.
39. She is ..............SP.
40. She is an ................ISI agent.
41. ..............Mt. Everest is a mountain.
42. ................higher you go............cooler you feel.
43. ......................milk in that bottle in pure.
44. He buys ............sack of rice.
45. I visited.............Rani Mahal in Palpa.
46. She is ..............mother.
47. She gave me............her book.
48. He is at................home.
49. What..........nice scene!
50. He reads..............Mathematics.
51. She is............typist.
52. He is............Muslim, but she is ...........Buddhist.
53. He is .............worst player.
54. ...............tiger is ...........fierce animal.
55. He is.................Shakespeare of our time.
56. Who is ..............best players of your team.
57. She is ...............teacher who teaches us English.
58. Rice cells Rs.50 ...............kilo.
59. Carol is from................UK.
60. I went to see ...............European.
61. I went to ...........school to sell my hardware.
62. She is...........girl who stole my money.
63. Please, give me.................exercise book.
64. ...............unemployed are helpless.
65. His father is ..................farmer.
66. Shakespeare is..............English writer.
67. What.............good idea!.
68. I found .............my lost bag.
69. Coffee is..........drink.
70. I spent ...........hour with my friends.
71. ..................orange has..........sweet taste.
72. ....................French is a language.
73. It is...............uniform.
74. it's .................big kitchen.
75. It is ...................American kitchen.
76. ..........................blinds are unfortunate to see.
77. let's sit in .................garden.
78. He became.................great man.
79. I met him in.....................morning.
80. I met him at.................noon.
81. ................cows are...............animals.
82. ..................Birgunj.............gateway of Nepal.
83. This was invented in .................Victorian age.
84. He was born in..................twenties.
85. It is ...............unanimous decision.
86. It is..................CNN report.
87. It is ..............hourly report.
89. ..................is spoken all over the world.
89. She drinks ..............milk.
90. The lion is .................king of forest.
9. She went to.............school to read.
92. Our life would be difficult without...........oxygen.
93. Have you any idea who invented.................TV.
94. Windows are made of................glass.
95. ................water of..............Bagmati river is dirty.
96. He needs................tie, which you are wearing.
97. Once upon .............time, there lived a dragon.
98. He was ............unware of my presence.
99. He is ............heir to the throne.
100. This is ............school where I studied.
101. ............man in red suit in my father.
102. They have climbed up............Everest within a decade.
103. We need to do more for...............poor.
104. .................poverty is a curse.
105. She is only child of her parents.
106. Students have a right to form........union in University.
107. Sita plays on..............harmonium.
108. She is .................university.
109. It is ...............unique piece of stone.
110. .............Ram is a good teacher.


EXERCISE -3 (SLC)

1. Crown Prince Charles of Great Britain is..............heir to the throne. (A/an/the).
2. She broke my chair to make ............wooden ruler. (a/an/the).
3. I keep busy myself in............kitchen every morning. (a/an/the)
4. My Nile is...............longest river. (a/an/ the)
5. My mother is .............MP.(a/an/the).
6.  We need to do more for .........poor. (a/an/the).
7. Harris is.................University student. (A/an/the).
8.  My sister is............M.sc. student. (a/an/the).
9. Once I saw .............cute ape in the zoo. (a/an/the).
10. Have you ever seen...............wounded man. (a/an/the).
11. Could you please close............door, please? Its really cold. (a/an/the).
12.  Goma is ................SLC graduate. (a/an/the).
13. i don't want to miss the opportunity to be..............doctor. (a/an/the).
14.  Who is .............best students of your class. (a/an/the).
15. ..................girl in blue skirt is my sister. (a/an/the).
16. They have climbed up.............Everest within the decade.(a/an/the)
17. ................statue of Liberty was gifted of friendship from France in the US. (a/an/the)
18. ....................water in the glass is very dirty. (a/an/the/nothing)
19.  Kailash is ...............eye specialist. (a/an/the)
20. ..................Venus is a planet. (a/an/the/nothing).



The Bhagavad gita Summary - New Horizons

The Bhagavadgita

E. Royston Pike

Main Points Of The Text

* Bhagavad Gita means the song of the lord or god.
* It is an epic like Iliad and Odyssey written by Homer, an ancient Greek poet.
* Bhagavad Gita is narrated by Krishna to Arjuna.
* It is about the Great War between the two celebrated families of Indian princes.
* Krishna is the charioteer of the young Indian Prince named Arjuna, who is his cousin.
* Dr.  Radhakrishna says that Gita appeared in the fifth century before Christianity.
* Arjuna considers war as evil and demonic  act because it causes violence and destruction.


Summary


The first great teaching of Bhagavadgita is this astonishing Divine Reality, this God of God, this Brahma, is a God to be approached and worshipped with such an intimately passionate love as that of man for a woman and a woman for a man. The name 'Bhagavadgita' means the song of the Lord For about two thousand years, the Bhagavadgita has been the most cherished of all the sacred scriptures. The author of it is anonymous.



In the war of Mahabharata, Lord Krishna plays the role of the charioteer of Arjuna. He refused to take up arms of either side, since he is closely related to all the princes engaged but he has consented to serve as Arjuna's charioteer and to aid him with his advice.


Dhritarastra and Pandu are brothers. Dhritrarashtra was blind and was therefore deemed king of incapable of reigning. When they came of age, Pandu became king of Hastinapura. But after a time he retired into solitude in the Himalaya Mountains and there died. Dhritrarashtra there upon became king in his turn, not withstanding his blindness. He was  a father of a hundred sons, commonly called the kuru princes. They were all bad, and the worst of them was the eldest, Duryodhana, who was bold, crafty and malicious. King Pandu had had five sons by his two wives.


The Pandu princes were good and wise while their cousins the kurus were evil. In their childhood, their uncle, king Dhirtarashtra showed them great kindness, bringing them up with his own sons and intending to give them a share in the kingdom when they were old enough. But the Pandu princess were driven away without giving them their share. This made them humiliated and resorted to take back their share from Dhristratarsatra.


In the war between the Pandavas and Kauravas, Arjuna hesitated to start the war because when he was just about to give the world to change, his heart has been smitten with compunction. He thinks to himself that in only a few minutes time, so many of those brave men on his side and on the side facing him will be biting the dust in their death agony and that he may perhaps crave a way through to the throne! The very thought fills him with revulsion, and he turns suddenly to his charioteer and implores him to tell him what to do.


Arjuna said that it is not good to make war one one's kinsfolk and slaughter them. He hated triumph and domination, wealth and ease that could be won sadly. Arjun's perception of cousins is that they are blinded by lust and anger, so that they can't see hoe how wrong it is to make war on one's own kinsfolk and slaughter them. Krishna tells reassures him to fulfill his duty, to fight for justice.


In Hindu religion, Krishna is an incarnation of avatar of Vishnu one of the great gods of the Hindu Trinity. After death of the body the spirit goes on to inhabit another body, which is similar to the replacing of old clothes by new ones.


Gandhi is highly affected or influence by Bhagavadgita. He said that he found a solace in the Bhagavadgita which he didn't fine even in the Sermon on the Mount. He says that when he is completely disappointed he turns to the Bhagavadgita. He further says that in the verse of the religious scripture, he begins to smile in the midst of overwhelming tragedies.


The influence of 'bhakti' love of God manifested in human form this is the great doctrine of Bhagavadgita that has become incorporated in the spiritual inheritance of the Hindu peoples.


1. What is the relation of Krishna and Arjuna?


Krishna is the charioteer of the young Indian Prince named Arjuna, who is also his cousin.


2. What was the role of Lord Krishna in the war of Mahabharat?


In the war of Mahabharata, Lord Krishna plays the role of the charioteer of Arjuna. He refused to take up arms on either side, since he is closely related to all the princes engaged but he has consented to serve as Arjuna's charioteer and to aid him with his advice.


3. What is Bhagavadgita?


The name "Bhagavadgita" means the song of the Lord For about two thousands years, the Bhagavadgita has been the most cherished of all sacred scriptures. The author of it is anoymous.


4. Who are Dhritarashtra, Pandu and Duryodha?


Dhritarastra and Pandu are brothers. Dhritrarashtra was blind and was there deemed incapable of reigning. When they came of age, Pandu became king of Hastinapura. But after a time, he retired into solitude in the Himalaya Mountains and there died. Dhritrarashtra there upon became king in his turn, notwithstanding his blindness. He was a father of a hundred sons, commonly called the kuru princes. They were all bad, and the worst of them was the eldest, Duryodhana, who was bold, crafty and malicious. King Pandu had had five sons by his two wives who were all wise and noble.


DEALING WITH THE TEXT


1. Why did Arjuna hesitate to start the war?

Arjuna hesitated to start the war because when he was just about to give the world to change, his heart has been smitten with compunction. He thinks to himself that in only a few minutes time, so many of those gallant men on his side and on the side facing him will be biting the dust in their death agony and that he  may perhaps crave a way through to the throne! The very thought fills him with revulsion, and he turns suddenly to his charioteer and implores him to tell him what to do.


2. Why did he hate the victory in war?


Arjuna said that it is not good make war one own kinsfolk and slaughter them. He hated triumph and domination, wealth and ease that could be won sadly.


3. Describes Arjuna's perception of his cousins.


Arjuna's perception of his cousins is that they are blinded by lust and anger, so that they can't see how wrong it is to make war on one's own kinsfolk and slaughter them.


4. Why did Krishna say to Arjuna, "thou graves where no grief should be"?

Krishna said it to Arjuna to take him out of grief  and to persuade him to start war.


5. Which activity is compared with the replacing of old clothes by the new ones?

After the death of the body, the spirit goes on to inhibit another body which is similar to the replacing of old clothes by the new ones.


6. What is the first great teaching of the Bhagavadgita?


The first great teaching of Bhagavadgita is that this stupendous Divine Reality, this God of Gods , this Brahma is a God to be approached to draw near to, to be worshipped and what is more to be loved, with such an intimately passionate love as that of man for a women and a woman for a man.


7. What is the final message of the Gita?


The final message of the "Gita is the message spoken by Krishna to Arjuna but one which countless souls have taken to their heart as addressed to them as a personal revelation.
Take My last word, My utmost meaning level!
Give me thy heart! adore Me! Serve Me! Cling
In faith and love and reverence to Me!
So shalt thou come to Me! I promise true,
For thou art sweet to Me! Fly to me alone!
Make Me thy single refuge! I will free
thy soul from all its sins! Be a good cheer!



8. Describe the great doctrine of the Bhagavadgita.

The inculcation of  "bhakti" love of God manifested in human from this is the great doctrine of Bhagavadgita that has become incorporated in the spiritual inheritance of the Hindu peoples.


9. Interpret Hamatma Gandhi's saying "I find a solace in the Bhagavadagita".

Gandhi was highly affected or influence by Bhagavadagita. He said that he found a solace in the Bhagavadagita which he didn't find even in the Sermon on the Mount. He says that when he is completely disappointed, he turn to Bhagavadgita . He further says that in the verse of this religious scripture, he begins to smile in the midest of overwhelming tragedies.


Areas of Writing

1. Summarize the essence of the Bhagavadgita.


The main theme of the content of Bhagavadgita is the explanation of five basic concepts of truth: Ishwara ( The Supreme Controller), jiva ( Living beings, the soul), Prakriti ( Nature, matter), Karma (Action) and Kala ( Time).


When Arjun was depressed and was not ready to fight the battle, Krishna counsels him on various aspects of Dharma, what one should do and what not . Krishna explained to him what a man his worth of, what his action should be , what knowledge he should have, how time controls all. He said to Arjuna, who you are that you think you will kill your brother. You are just a puppet in the hand of the time. He said that time has already written everybody's death and you are just an executioner. He explained the inner meaning of life and said that our body is just like the cloth we wear everyday, soul is  the greatest possession. One can destroy body but not soul.


2. Compare the preaching of the Gita with Plato's philosophy.

Like the Bhagavadgita, Plato believes there is reincarnation. If a man lives in virtuous life, he achieves blissful immortality in heaven; if he lives an unjust life, he is born as inferior animals. The way to correct this "irrational" aspect of embodiment is through education. Philosophy is seen as intellectual, and anti-sensual, a bias that Nietzsche would later attack.


As for the soul, Plato divides it into Reason residing in the head. Spirit in the heart and Appetite in the belly; each has to be regularly exercised. Reason is promoted by the liver, which gives bitterness to protect us from false knowledge- the liver has a divinatory role. Bones anchor the soul, the lungs allow in the smallest particles of air, fire or water but also by disproportional relations between body and soul. The genitals (male and female) meanwhile, are unruly because they continually seek emission.


The physical world, then is a living creature containing all the living creatures that were visible. It contains gods of whom Plato says very little, animals, birds, fish plants and men and was created by a God.


3. God is the create of world. Argue for or against this statement.

Argument against God as creator of world

The Big Bang Theory is logical, and it seems to me, scientifically correct. To assume that the entire universe was created by a single being immortal or otherwise, I think is absolutely absurd not to mention naive. Think about it: The universe created by one guy, created by one massive explosion of celestial matter and everything needed to evolve before things really began to click. What makes more senses, what is more logical? Science logic and fact are the guiding principles of my life. I do have faith in supernatural powers and immortals that have the ability to control the happenings on Earth, but I'm sorry, the thought of the entire universe, which will expand forever and ever, created by one single person? I don't think so.


I think that the "theory" that god created the universe/ world only "stand" for religious minded people. There is actually some evidence that the  "big bang" created the world. Nobody can show proof that "god" created the world/universe.


Argument in favour of God as creator of world

I believe quite strongly, that God exists. Therefore I must conclude that He created the universe. However, I also consider myself a student of science and must accept the evidence for an event that has caused the universe to expand infinitely from a single point. These two beliefs are not in any way in opposition to one another of one reaches the logical conclusion that all great religious texts are a collection of myths, each of which contains a kernel of truth but have been changed over possibly thousands of years by oral retelling. By doing so, we can then hypothesize (since the existence of God be proven) that God was the driving force behind the creation of the universe.


4. Visit library or web sites and writer shorts notes on Homer, the New Testament, the New Testament, Sermon on the Mount.

Homer is a legendary ancient Greek epic poet, traditionally said to be the author's of the epic poems the Iliad and the Odysse.

The Sermon on the Mount is a compilation of Jesus's sayings, epitomizing his moral teaching. Christians believes that Jesus of Nazareth gave this sermon (estimated around AD 30) on a mountainside to his disciples and a large crowed.


The New Testament is the name given to the second major division of the Christian Bible, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament. Unlike the Old Testament, the contents of the new Testament were written after the advent of and deal explicitly with Christianity- though within the religion, both the Old and New Testament has therefore frequently accompanied the spread of Christianity around the world, and both reflects and serves as a source for Christian theology.

Syllabus - General English B.ed First Year Detail Syllable

General English

Four Year

2/25/2020

B.Ed First year Syllable(411)



    
    

    

B.Ed First year Syllabus  (411)



General Objectives


···
·         The General objectives of this course are as follows:
·         To help students use grammatically correct English.
·         To expand students repertoire of general and academic vocabulary.
·         To develop students ability to compared and interpret different kinds of written texts.
·         To enable students to compose different kinds of writing for effective communication on matters of general and academic interests.
·         To enhance academic and creative writing skills.
















Course Description


This is a general English course designed to developed students proficiency in grammar, vocabulary, reading and academic writing. The grammar components includes elements ranging from tenses to transformation. Vocabulary components covers words from different academic fields. The reading component deals with a wide range of carefully selected authentic text on contemporary and critical issues classified into various themes. The writing component engages the students in the process of academic writing through guided activities.





Evaluation and Time Allotment.


The course is for one academic year and it carries 100 marks. The distribution of marks and time allotment for each unit is as follows:
Unit                             Marks                                      Time
I                                   Grammar                                 20                    20%
II                                  Vocabulary                               15                    15%
III                                Reading                                   30                    30%
IV                                General Writing                       15                    15%
V                                  Academic Writing                    20                    20%


This is the theoretical course. Hence, the learning of the students will be assessed through annual examination held by the office of Controller of Examination. The types of number of questions in the annual examination are given in the following table:


Types of questions
Total
questions
to be asked
Number of questions to be answered and
marked allotted
Total
Marks
Group A: Multiple Choice Items
20 questions
20 × 1 mark
20
Group B: Short
questions
8 with 3
alternative
8 × 7 marks
56
Group C: Long
questions
2 with 1
alternative
questions

24





Specific Objectives and Contents
Specific Objectives
Content
·  Make sentences using appropriate tenses and use modals correctly.
·  Supply correct prepositions, adjectives and adverbs.
·  Apply conditions in the given contexts.
·  Form words and sentences.
Unit I. Grammar (30)
1.  Tenses and modals
2.  Questions,multi-words, verbs and verbs structure
3.  Determiners and preposition.
4.  Passive and conditionals
5.  Word formation and sentences.
·  Extract general idea from texts.
·  Find specific information in the text. Answer questions for the details in the given text.
·  Read and make notes of the important points.
·  Drawing inference from verities of reading text.
Give options and express attitude. Solve problems and puzzles.
1.  Unit III: Reading (50)
 i.   Determining co-reference
ii.   Matching things
iii.   Understanding instructions
iv.   Scanning locating and extracting information
v.   Skimming: finding out main point and the central idea.
vi.   Drawing inference and implications.
vii.   Assessing options and attitudes.
Solving problems and puzzles.
·  Rewrite given text in different forms.
·  Compose short and long texts in the given topics.
·  Maintain coherence and cohesion in writing
Unit III: Reading (50)
        i.            Rewriting: rephrasing, paraphrasing.
               ii.Parallel writing
        iii.Completing a text.
Organizing text: sequencing introductions, connecting ideas.
·      Write letters, resumes, summaries, reports & news
·      Writing summaries
        i.            Writing personal and official letters
      ii.            Writing curriculum vitae (resume) and job application.
    iii.            Writing reports: events and news.
·      List the points from research for writing.
·      Write various essays using academic English
·      Write with proper citation.
·      Avoid plagiarism in writing

Unit IV: Academic Writing
        i.            The researched essay
      ii.            Comparison- contrast essay
    iii.            cause and effect essay
     iv.            argumentative essays
       v.            classification essays
     vi.            reaction essay
Avoiding plagiarism