The Children Who Wait | Heritage Of Words | Grade 12 | Summary | All Questions Answers |

The Children Who Wait

Summary             

By Marsha Traugot

In "The Children Who Wait", Marsha Traugot suggests reasons for a new trend in adoption. Now a wider variety of families can open their homes to children who in the past would have been labelled adoptable. In setting forth the causes for this phenomenon, she draws from specific case history.

A Child Is Born | Grade 12 | Heritage Of Words | Summary and All Questions Answers Solution |

A Child Is Born

Germaine Greer

Summary

"A Child is Born" presents a comparison between the parent child relationship in the rich West and the traditional East. In traditional societies child birth is managed in different ways. All the ways are accepted by all, and they also free the mother from the mental burden of finding out new ways. Although there is the possible danger in  child birth, the traditional behaviours make the pregnant woman forget her worry to some extent. According to the custom, she is supported by her husband, her relatives and her community. These behaviours make her feel safe because she believes that she is conducting the pregnancy. Belief in traditional practices is common in the highly advanced Western society. A university graduate practised prenatal exercises regularly buy a bed and clothes for the baby. Afterwards she gave birth to a baby very easily without being attended.

               In traditional births, infant and mother mortality is higher. And modern marriage. But they modern obstetric  care has helped a lot to reduce such death. But it has stopped the people from observing their traditional values.

                

                In many societies, women go to their mother-in-law's house after their marriage. But they do not become the members of their new family until they have born  a child. The Western people criticized such practices. Once a Muslim marriage was severely criticized at an international conference, but the only Muslim woman present there kept quite because she could not use the language fluently which was used there. At such conference, only Western approaches are presented and the native participants are not consulted.

             In traditional societies, after her first child the woman would lose her name and she is called by the child's name. People in the west find it hateful. But when the married woman is given her husband's surname, they don't object. In many traditional societies the child's relationship with the extended family is considered more important. The child is intentionally separated from its parents. Thus children there  are born not at the parent's choice, but under the group's pressure.

            By producing the child the woman satisfies the desires of her family members. They are very curious to see the baby and they celebrate the birth. Even during pregnancy the woman is well-cared especially in her mother's house. All her desire for food are satisfied. After the birth there are various ceremonies. The baby and the mother are given new clothes. There is a feast and the women and the girls sing at might. One of the rewards of pregnancy is that the woman can go home to visit her mother and sisters.

           In Bangladesh children under  the age of five or six are looked after together by the whole family. They are taken together to the pond to have a bath and fed together. They play out of door with natural objects. In the afternoon they are told fairy tales. But at night they always sleep with there own numbers.

             In traditional societies Western medicine has brought a lot of problems. The doctors and their syringes are highly respected. People expect too much of them. That's why even the weak patients have to be given very strong dose of medicine. The drug is very expensive, too. Without foreign aid, the hospital can't be established. The combination of the old Africa and the modern West can be seen at hospital. In the delivery ward there are groaning women in the pools of blood. Nurses watch them but they keep themselves busy with machines and ignores the labouring women because they don't understand the patient's language.

          If we look at the tragedy of the mother during the birth, a live child is not much more important. Women will no longer offer up their bodies and minds to such cruel acts if the child is not welcomed at home and if the mother is not praised for her courage and not helped to raise it. The peasant communities are doubtful of Western method and  they can resist a easily. They accept that death is common in the birthplace. Poverty has stopped introducing modern techniques there. The machines have not allowed to hear the waning of a few women. If Western technology is not practised there population will be automatically controlled.

1. What differences  does the writer show between a traditional society and a modern society in matters of pregnancy childbirth, and child hearing?

Ans: In traditional societies when a  woman is pregnant, she is covered with taboos and prohibitions, which helps her to lessen her pain. She actively carries out all the rites and keeps the unknown fears some distance away, she does not  have to to reinvent anything and she is mentally free. In many of the ritual customs of pregnancy, her husband and other relatives have to supports her. Some of these behaviours are reasonable and useful and others are magical. But all of them increase her sense of security. In the West the pregnant woman is not cared like this. She has to do everything herself. She  has to practise prenatal exercises and make other preparations herself. In the hospital the staff is uncooperative about breastfeeding.

         In traditional births, infant and mother mortality is greater than in the modern Western methods. The Westerners have avoided death in birth, but they have neglected the value of the culture which free human beings love more than their lives. After the birth of the first child, the woman in the traditional society is not called by her own name, but always referred to as the child's mother. But the Western people find this practice objectionable. In the traditional society, a child has to strengthen its relationship with the extended family, so its relationship with the biological family is weakened knowingly. Children there are not born at the whim of the parents but in response to a broader pressure from the whole group. But there's no such tendency in the individualistic Western society.  

             By producing a child, the woman satisfies the desires of her relatives. They are very curious to see the child and when she gives birth to its her achievement is celebrated in many ways. The mother and the baby are given new clothes. There is feasting and singing. When the woman is pregnant, she goes to her mother's house and she is happy to see her mother and sisters. After the birth the whole family helps her to rear the child. All the children at home are looked after together. But there is no such system in the West. There is no one at home to welcome to child, to praise the mother for her courage and to help her raise it.

Gretel | Heritage of words | grade 12 | Summary | Questions and Answers

Gretel

Summary

By Garrison Keillor

Gretel had to get half of the profits earned by selling the book, but Hansel's lawyers put her under a spell and make her sign a new contact. It said that she would get a very little money and that book was pure imagination.

Hansel was presented as strong and capable hero and Gretel as a weak sister. The father was shown as a loving person and the mother as the wicked stepmother, who forced him to give up in the jungle.

But Hansel had been incapable of doing anything. She had beaten him to make him walk. Gretel had cried because she had carry him on her back. The father was not loving person. He would get drunk, Glady's, the stepmother, could not do anything without his permission. It was his idea to give them up in the jungle. In those days many parents would give up their children in the jungle hoping that they would be fed by birds or animals or persons. Gretel was not worried because of such hope. Although it was a very hard experience, not a single child suffered permanently and such a child would become a better person afterward. But Hansel was still a stupid person. Hansel and their father lived comfortably in a great building and Gretel and Glady's had no house of their own. And the witch suffered most. Now Gretel felt sorry for the witch because she had pushed her without a good reason. She was not after her. She was after Hansel and she wanted to make a new statement. Gretel would have understood the witch's point of view.

1. Keillor's language is different from that of both the original and Coover's transformation. How would you describe it? Consider specific expression.

Ans: Keillor's language is different from that of both the original and Cooveyr's transformation. Both Coover and the Grimms use narrative style. The main purpose of this style is to relate an event or series of event or series of events. They tell what happened to the boy, the girl, the old man, and the witch. To describe the setting they are literary language. They use simile, metaphor etc. And to present the conversation they use everybody language. But Keilor presents 'Gretel' as the form of statement made by Gretel. He uses persuasive style. The purpose of this style of writing is to convince, arouse, attain a specific goal. Gretel attempts to persuade the readers not to believe in what Hansel has said. Gretel wants us react positively to her arguments. She wants us to think the way she think the way she thinks and to response actively. If we don't examine her statements critically, we are persuaded to believe that all the male characters in the story are bad and they have exploited all the male characters. Similarly, we also believe that the witch and the stepmother, are not as bad as they were supposed to be. To achieve his goal the writer has appealed to the reader's reason, emotions are sense of ethics. For example,  "........his lawyers put me under a spell........I guess she ( the witch ) is the one who suffered most.......why did I give her the shove"?


2. Sum up Gretel's characters in your own words. What kind of person is she? What are her values? Consider the last four paragraphs in particular.

Ans: If we were are to sum up Gretel's character in a phrase, we can say that she is an ardent feminist. She supports the principle that women should have the same rights and chance as men. She believes that a women should raise  a voice aganist injustice. Gretel agreed that the profit should be equally divided between her and Hansel. She is against male superiority. She tries to prove that instead of being a strong and resourceful person, Hansel is a nervous wreek. Similarly, her father is not loving father. She supports the women. For example, her stepmother is not wicked because she would do what her husban wanted her to do. It was his idea to give up the children in the jungle. She and her stepmother hae not got the right share of the property. She has sympathy even to the witch. She can't tolerate injustice. Her stepmother was not wrong even if she had suggested to give up the children in the jungle. She did so because of faith. She thought that birds or animals or good persons would feed them. Gretel, a strong supporter of justice and equality, criticises all the injustices and discrimination.

HANSEL AND GRETEL | HERITAGE OF WORDS | GRADE 12 | SUMMARY

HANSEL AND GRETEL

Summary

By Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm

Once upon there was a woodcutter, who lived by a great forest. He was very poor and could not feed his wife and two children. Once they had no food to eat and his wife forced him to leave the children in the forest. The children knew this and the brother went out and filled his pockets with shining pebbles in the moonlight. Early next morning, they all went into the forest. On the way boy kept dropping the stones one by one. When they reached the forest, the parents made a great fire and asked the children to wait until they arrived there. But they did not arrive. When the moon shone, the brother led the sister following the shining pebbles and came home. The father was happy, but the mother was angry.

Soon after they had no bread again. The mother forced their father again to give up the children in the forest. But the boy could not go out of collect the pebbles because the door was bolted. In the morning each child was given a small piece of bread. On the way the boy dropped the crumbs of the bread one by one. Again the fire was made and the parent went away asking them to wait. The sister gave the brother half of her bread. They waited until evening. When the moon shone, they did not find the breadcrumbs because the birds had eaten them up. They walked on and on. The third day they found a house made of bread. Its window was made of sugar. As they were eating, an old woman came out and took them in. She gave them good food and nice beds. But next day she put the boy in the stable. She wanted to kill him after he was fat. The girl had to work hard. After four  weeks she was going to kill him and boil and she planned to roasted the sister. When the witch asked for her to go into the oven to see if it was hot, the sister said the she did not to know how to go in. When the witch was showing her the way, she pushed her in and shut the oven door. The witch burned to death. She opened the stable door and both of them brought home a lot of jewels. The father became rich, but the mother was dead

THE GINGERBREAD HOUSE | HERITAGE OF WORDS | GRADE 12 | SUMMARY

THE GINGERBREAD HOUSE

SUMMARY

By Robert Coover

                   Two children  followed an old man in a pine forest in the mid afternoon. The boy was dropping breadcrumbs and the girl was singing nursery tunes and carrying a baskets to collect flower. The old man was very poor and wearing torn clothes. He was very thin and weak. He was worried because of poverty and resignation. He felt hopeless and guilty. The children were wearing torn clothes and their feet were bare. They sang song to lighten their hearts or to hide thoughts. The boy was dropping breadcrumbs. He old man eyes were blues and his face was wrinkled. He was looking straight ahead at some unknown destination. His eyes showed that they didn't want to see any one.

             The witch was covered with black clothes. Her face was very pale and her eyes glowed like burning coals. She was very thin and her body was twisted. She moved her hand in the empty place. She cried sharply and caught a parsing clove and tore its heart out.

         The girl was walking happily in the forest. She looked very fresh and happy. Her basket was overfilled. There was a sunny place in the dark forest. There the air was fresh and rivers of honey flowed and lollipops grew like daises. This place was called gingerbread house and children didn’t leave it.

             The witched looked like a head of black rags on a post. Her long-nailed hands were curled towards her breast. Her hand was lowered and her nose pushed her fingers. She cackled and looked to both sides. Then she lifted the 'dove's wings were fluttering. It was forced down against the earth. The boy fell on it and its claws and beak made his hands bloody. The gingerbread house could be reached walking on the biscuits through a garden of sugared fruits.

              The girl was not shining. She fought with the boy for the bird. She kicked him and he elbowed her. There were weeping. The boy was angry and hopeless and the girl was sad. They were still fighting. The old man looked clearly. He felt sorry. He signed. The girl captured the bird and pushed it in between her things. It was dead.

          It was dusk. But the body of the dove shone because of its whiteness. It was scattered with fading flowers. The old man, the boys and girl had gone. The gingerbread house was made of sweet. And the best of all was the door. Brown animals were moving quickly in the dense forest. The boy and the girl were walking ahead into the forest. The old man was walking slowly. His eyes were shining in the late evening. His teeth were tightly shut but his mouth was open. The witch twisted and quivered. From her learn breast, she pulled back the pulsing red heart of the dove. The old man frightened all the animals in the jungle. The old man stopped suddenly to boy was pale with fear, But he was bold. The girl cried.

           The sun was setting and the children went into the room where the old man himself made the beds. He told them a story about a good fairy who granted a poor man three wishes. The wishes were wasted, but he let them complete the story with their own wishes. He had to accept a cruel demand unwillingly. The goodness of all wishes had to be useless. 

The flower basket was overturned on the forest path and the flowers were faded. The night was falling. The children helped the old man to be free from the brambles. He looked at their

HANSEL AND GRETEL | HERITAGE OF WORDS | GRADE 12 | SUMMARY

Hansel And Gretel

Summary 

By  Jacob and Wilheim Grimm

  

                    Once a poor wood-cutter lived by a great forest with his wife and two children. They boy was called Hansel and the girl Gretel. When there was a scarcity of food, he was not able give daily bread to his family. His wife then planned to leave the children in the forest. She was their step-mother, so she did not love them. She forced her husband to leave them. The children had heard all this. They had not been able to sleep because of hunger. Then Hansel went out at night and filled his pockets with pebbles, which were shining like sliver-coins in the moonlight.

               The step-mother woke them up early in the morning and they all went to the forest. On the way Hansel threw the pebbles one by one. In the forest the children collected brushwood and the father burnt it. The children were asked to wait there for their parents. At noon they had their bread and fell asleep. They woke up in the dark night. They awaited until the moon had risen. In the moonlight the pebbles shone live sliver pieces, and showed them the way. The day broke when they reached home. The step-mother asked them why they had slept long in the forest, but the father was very happy.

                Soon afterwards there was once more a great shortage of food. The children heard their mother talking to the father. She again intended to leave them in the thickest forest. Hansel again wanted to go out, but the door locked. In the morning they all went into the forest. Hansel broke the bread in his pocket and scattered on the way as before. Similarly, the brushwood was collected and burnt. The children fell asleep after their parents went to cut wood. When they woke up, it was dark night. They waited until the moon rose, but they could not see the piece of bread because birds had already picked them up. They did not find the way. They walked the whole night and all the morning they saw a white bird sitting on the branch. It sang very sweetly. They followed the bird and it came down on the roof of the house. Its roof made a bread and its windows of sugar. They started eating it. Then an old woman came out and she welcomed them. They went inside her house. They ate and slept. They felt that they were in heaven.

            The old woman was a wicked witch. When a kid fell into her power. She killed it, cooked and ate it. Her eyes were dim but her smiling was very strong. She imprisoned Hansel in the stable and asked Gretel to prepared nice food for her brother. She wanted to fatten him and kill. Gretel had to obey her command. Every morning the witch touched Hansel's hand to see if he was fat or not Hansel also would stretch out a bone instead his finger. Finding him thin, the witch was restless. She wanted to kill him the following day, whether he was fat or thin. The woman had kneaded dough to bake in the oven. She asked Gretel to go in and see whether the oven was heated or not. Gretel understood her intention and asked the witch how to do it. Then when the witch put her head into the oven, Gretel pushed her in and bolted the door of the  oven and she was burnt to death.

          Afterwards she freed her brother. Both of them filled their pockets and aprons with pearls and jewels and set out for their home. On the way they found a stretch of water. There was nothing to go across. But a duck came to them  swimming and they sat on its back one by and went very happy to see them, but the mother had already died. They emptied their pockets and aprons. And they lived happily ever after.

THE BOARDING HOUSE | GRADE 12 | HERITAGE OF WORDS |

General English

The Boarding House

Summary

By James Joyce

Mrs. Mooney was a butcher's daughter. She was a strong woman. She married a man who worked for her father, but after her father died her husband started drinking and taking money from the shop. He fought with her in front of the customers and sold bad meat. One night he ran after her with a large knife and she had to sleep in a neighbour's house. After that they did not live together any more. Mrs. Mooney took the children and the rest of the money from the butcher's business and started a boarding house in Hardwicke Street. Tourists came to stay, and sometimes musicians, but most of the visitors were workers from the city.

These young men lived and ate in her house. They liked the same things and were very friendly with each other. They talked about horses and sang and song in the front room on Sunday nights. Polly Mooney, the daughter of the house, sang with them.

Polly was nineteen. She was a thin girl with light soft hair and a small full mouth. Her eyes were grey and green and they looked up at the ceiling when she spoke with anyone. Her mother gave her housework to do so that she could meet the young men. She enjoyed talking to them, but Mrs Mooney knew that none of them was serious. She was beginning to think that Polly must get an office job, when she noticed something between Polly and one of the young men. She watched them carefully.

Polly knew that her mother was watching, and she understood why her mother stayed silent. People in the house began to talk, but Mrs. Mooney did nothing. Then at last she made a decision.

It was a bright Sunday morning of early summer. All the windows of the boarding houses were open. Outside, people with serious faces and small books in their hands were crossing the square to the Church. There were dirty plates on the table of the breakfast room. Mrs. Mooney sat and watched while the servant, Mary, took Polly the night before. Polly seemed uncomfortable with her mother's questions but open in her answer.

Mrs. Mooney looked at the little clock above the fireplace. It was seventeen minutes past eleven. She must speak to Mr Doran now. He was thirty-four or thirty-five years of age, and Polly was a young girl. He must pay for his enjoyment, but money was not enough. They must get married.

Mr Doran was finding it difficult to shave. His hand was shaking. Dublin was a small city and people in the house already knew about Polly and himself. He had to think about his good name and his job. He was afraid of his boss. He could almost hear old Mr Leonard's voice: 'Send Mr Doran here, please'.

He was throwing away year of hard work. He had a little money: that was not a problem. But people thought badly of her father, and her mother's boarding house did not have a good name. And her English was poor. His friends laughed at her. He could not decide if he liked her or not. He wanted to stay free, not to get married.

While he was sitting on the side of the bed, she shocked and came in. She told him about her conversation with her mother. Her mother knew and wanted to speak with him. She caries and threw her arms around his neck.

He heard her again his door that first time, late one night. He could still see her in night clothes. He could smell her skin. After that, every night, when he came home late, she gave his dinner while the other slept. She was always kind to him. Perhaps they could be happy together.

While he was sitting with her on the side, of the bed, Mary came to the door. Mrs Mooney wanted to see him. He stood up and put on his coat. As he went downstairs, he wanted to fly up through the roof and away to another country, but he could not escape the serious faces of Mr Leonard and Mrs Mooney. He walked past Jack Mooney and they said hello coldly. Bob looked at his hard face and his strong body. He remembered a night in the sitting room; a visitor said something about Polly and Jack shouted at him. Nobody played games with his sister, he told her visitor. Nobody.

Polly sat for a little time on the side of the bed, crying. Then she dried her. eyes and looked in the mirror. She washed her eyes in cold water and made her hair look tidy. Then she sat down on the bed again. She remembered secret, pleasant times in that bed. There was no unhappiness in her face now.

She awaited, unworried, thinking about the future. Her picture of the future was so clear that she forgot everything around her.

At last she heard her mother's voice. She got up and ran to the stairs."Polly! Polly"'Yes, Mamma?''Come down, dear. Mr Doran wants to speak to you.'Then she remembered 

THE CENTRAL IDEA OF THE POEM TRAVELLING THROUGH THE DARK | GRADE 12 | HERITAGE OF WORDS | QUESTIONS ANSWERS

General English

"TRAVELLING THROUGH THE DARK"

By William Stafford

Summary

In this poem the poet describes how he was moved by the death of pregnant doe. Once he was driving a car along the mountain road at night. At the side of a Wilson River road he saw a deer. The road was narrow. So he thought it was best for the deer to move into the gorges formed by the river. He stopped his car and moved back to see the deer. She was a doe and she had recently been killed. Her body was already stiff and almost cold. He pulled her heavy body to the side. Her belly was large. It made him think that she was pregnant and her fawn was waiting inside. Although it was alive, it would never be born. He was filled with pity and was unwilling to do anything. The parking lights of the car were on and the engine was making a low continuous sound as if  it was expressing its pleasure. Its exhaust fume was warm and red and the poet was standing there. He felt as if  they cry in the wilderness was being heard. After thinking seriously, he pushed her into the river.

1. Explain the title of the poem. Who are all those travelling through the dark?

Ans: The tittle suggests that the speaker is driving his car in the dark place at night. All those who are travelling through the dark are motorist nature lovers who might have been there to watch the wild animals in a sanctuary. The narrow road indicates that it is not a highway or a motorway.

2. Show how the action develops stanza by stanza.

Ans: In the first stanza the speaker finds a deer on the road and wants to pull it to  the side. In the second one, he stops his car and walks back. In the rear light he sees a recently killed doe and drags her off. In the third stanza, he does not do anything but thinks of the fate of the fawn inside the deer doe. In the fourth stanza, he describes the activities of the machines in the midst of nature. In the last stanza, he pushes the doe into the river and there by solves the problem.

3. At what point does the physical action cease, to be replaced by another kind?

Ans: When thee speaker feels the large warm belly of the cold doe, the physical action stops and the mental action begins. He imagines the future of the fawn.

4. How do the last two lines complete both types of the action?

Ans: The last two lines complete both types of action: mental and physical. As he thinks hard on behalf of the nature lovers, he comes to the conclusions that he right place for the doe is the river. Then he throw the dead body into the river.

5. What is the meaning of the last two lines of the poem? Does the poem moralize?

Ans: The last two lines of the poem try to solve the problem of environment damage. Instead of worrying about the problem, one has to accept the things as they are. Or the poet may be satirising that the so- called nature-lovers are responsible for the environmental damage.

6. Do you think the reference to the alive but never-to-be born from fawn sentimental?

Ans: Yes, I think so. The speaker tries to  make the readers sad by imagining the fate of the unborn fawn.

7. Explain the meaning of the words "swerve" in line 4 and line 17. Does the speaker "swerve"?

Ans: In line 4, the word "swerve" means "to change the direction of the car suddenly to avoid colliding with the deer". In line 17, it means "to change from a idea or purpose". In line 4, he does not swerve because it might make the deer more dead," and in line 17, he swerve because he first he tries to preserve the dead body but later he changes his idea and throws her into river.

8. Stanza 4 is a break in the narrative. How do you explain its significance in the poem?

Ans: In the first three stanza, the speaker describes how he saw a deer. how he dragged her to the side and what he felt when he touched her side. But in the fourth stanza he does not say anything about the deer. He describes the car and her activities. There is a break in the narrative. It is quite significant in the poem because it gives a clear contrast between the animals and the machine. The animals with a life inside a dead, but the car looks life-like. Her fumes are warm whereas the doe is cold and stiffened. 

9. What is the tone of the poem: ironical, sympathetic, different?

Ans: The tone of the poem is ironical. That is, it says one things and means something different. We show our sympathy towards the unborn fawn but we do not show any love to the doe. We drive carelessly on the narrow road and kill the innocent animal.

10. Write s short essay on "Driving in the Dark"?

Ans: When you drive at night, you will have a great fun. If you are alone in your vehicle, the fun will be greater. You may be driving on the mountainous roads or on  the plains. If you are on the mountain, you will feel safer especially at the bending. You can see the light of the other vehicle coming towards you. If the same things takes place in the daytime, there is a chance that you may collide with it. But at the other vehicle can be seen from a distance. You can also see the twinkling cars or trucks. Very far, if you are on the hill, you can see the city or the village which you have either left or which you are going to.

            If you are driving in the jungle you will see a lot of wild animals. Since there are no people on the road at night, you feel freer and drive at the fastest possible speed. If you see a small animal in front, you will not swerve, because your vehicle might meet with an accident. You'd rather knock it over. At night there are no domestic animals to check your speed. If your eyesight is good enough you can enjoy the fastest driving on the straight road in the plains. The roads are sager especially after ten at night.

11. Are animals-both wild and domestic-a nuisance for the driver? Suggest what would you like to do about them?

Ans: Wild animals are a nuisance for the driver at night and the domestic animals at the daytime. At night you might be passing through the jungle. The headlights of your vehicle perhaps attract the wild animals. If the vehicle is heavy and the animal is small you are no more worried. You don't think it necessary to control your speed, you drive on. You don't change the direction suddenly because your vehicle may turn upside down. But if the animal is big enough, then it might give you a lot o trouble. You will have to think how you will be safe. So either you stop and let the animal go or you ,may turn back if necessary.

      Highways or motorways are constructed for driving at a very high speed. The domestic animals should not be allowed to be driven on the roads. Those who do so should be punished. The roads should not be constructed through the jungle. They should be built at side of the jungle and there should be a strong fence. Which prevents the wild animals from coming into the road. Both the drivers and the animals will be safe then. 

Central Idea Of Poem God's Grandeur | Heritage Of Words | Grade 12 | All Questions Answer

General English

GOD'S GRANDEUR

                   By Gerard Manley Hopkins

Summary

The world is filled with the greatness of God. God' s glory expresses itself in two ways. Sometimes it flames out with sudden brightness when a gold foil is shaken. At other times, the poet thinks of an olive press, with the oil oozing from the pressed fruit. It oozes from every part of the press in a fine film and then the trickles gathers together to form a jar of oil. In the same way, the grandeur of God is found everywhere, tricking from every simple thing in a created universe and accumulating to form a greatness. The poet wonders why people do not care about God's rod. People pursue their worldly activities without any thought of God's will and without the fear of god's anger.

Generation of human beings have followed the same worldly path and have become so habitual to it that they don' t know its uselessness. It has become monotonous due to lack of the divine will. The world has been degraded and made ugly by commercial activity and by hard work aimed at worldly gains. The world bears the marks of man's dirt and gives out man's bad smell. The beauty of nature is spoiled by man's industrial activity and the sweet smell of nature has been drowned in the bad smell that comes from machines. The earth is now bare, having lost all living beauty. Man is insensitive to this bareness. Because of the Tahoe, he can't feel wherewith the earth is soft or hard.In spite of man' activities trending a destroyed the beauty of Nature. It is next inexhaustible. At the bottom of the world there is freshness. This freshness never disappears. When spring comes nature renews itself and thus shows underlying freshness. And although the sun goes down the western sky and the earth is plunged in darkness, the next day will dawn and the sun will be rising again in the estern sky. Just as a dove with its warm breast broods over its young ones in its nest, so the Holy Ghost broods protectively over the world which is bent in sleep and forgetfulness.

1. What does the poet say in first quatrain and in the second?

Ans: Generational of human beings have followed the same worldly path and have become so habitual to it that they don' t know its uselessness. It has become monotonous due to lack of the divine will. The world has been degraded and made ugly by commercial activity and by hard work aimed at worldly gains. The world bears the marks of man's dirt and gives out man's bad smell. The beauty of nature is spoiled by man's industrial activity and the sweet smell of nature has been drowned in the bad smell that comes from machines. The earth is now bare, having lost all living beauty. Man is insensitive to this bareness. Because of the Tahoe, he can't feel whether the earth is soft or hard.

2 . Summarie the last six lines in a sentence.

Ans:  The unending freshness of nature  renews itself by the grace of the spirit of God as the coming of the morning after nightfall.

3. What is the central idea of the poem?

Ans: This poem stressed the immanence of God. The whole universe is an expression of God's greatness, but man fail to recognise it. Though the soil is bare and smeared with man' s toil, " brood" over the world.

3. What do the seared, bleated, smeared suggest ?

Ans: " Seared" means 'dried up' or it can mean 'rendered incapable of feeling', 'Beard' means 'blurred with inflammation of the eyes' and 'smeared', mean 'rubbed over with dirt'. They suggest that there is a delicacy of feeling or perception in the world. The whole world has been degraded and made ugly by commercial activity and by toil aimed monetary gains.

4. What is the effect of the  repetition of the  words ' have trod' ? Have trod.

Ans: The repetition of the words ' have trod' captures the mechanical forces in verse because of their heavy accents. What is something called the ' daily grind' is a repetitive thump in which the feet of generation march on; and the ' trod' ....trod....trod' sets up the three beat rhythm of the next line: ' search.....bleated......smeared !

What is the main theme of the poem God's grandeur | Heritage of words || Grade 12 | All questions Answer | Summary

General English

GOD'S GRANDEUR

                   By Gerard Manley Hopkins

Summary

The world is filled with the greatness of God. God' s glory expresses itself in two ways. Sometimes it flames out with sudden brightness when a gold foil is shaken. At other times, the poet thinks of an olive press, with the oil oozing from the pressed fruit. It oozes from every part of the press in a fine film and then the trickles gathers together to form a jar of oil. In the same way, the grandeur of God is found everywhere, tricking from every simple thing in a created universe and accumulating to form a greatness. The poet wonders why people do not care about God's rod. People pursue their worldly activities without any thought of God's will and without the fear of god's anger.

Generation of human beings have followed the same worldly path and have become so habitual to it that they don' t know its uselessness. It has become monotonous due to lack of the divine will. The world has been degraded and made ugly by commercial activity and by hard work aimed at worldly gains. The world bears the marks of man's dirt and gives out man's bad smell. The beauty of nature is spoiled by man's industrial activity and the sweet smell of nature has been drowned in the bad smell that comes from machines. The earth is now bare, having lost all living beauty. Man is insensitive to this bareness. Because of the Tahoe, he can't feel wherewith the earth is soft or hard.In spite of man' activities trending a destroyed the beauty of Nature. It is next inexhaustible. At the bottom of the world there is freshness. This freshness never disappears. When spring comes nature renews itself and thus shows underlying freshness. And although the sun goes down the western sky and the earth is plunged in darkness, the next day will dawn and the sun will be rising again in the estern sky. Just as a dove with its warm breast broods over its young ones in its nest, so the Holy Ghost broods protectively over the world which is bent in sleep and forgetfulness.

1. What does the poet say in first quatrain and in the second?

Ans: Generational of human beings have followed the same worldly path and have become so habitual to it that they don' t know its uselessness. It has become monotonous due to lack of the divine will. The world has been degraded and made ugly by commercial activity and by hard work aimed at worldly gains. The world bears the marks of man's dirt and gives out man's bad smell. The beauty of nature is spoiled by man's industrial activity and the sweet smell of nature has been drowned in the bad smell that comes from machines. The earth is now bare, having lost all living beauty. Man is insensitive to this bareness. Because of the Tahoe, he can't feel whether the earth is soft or hard.

2 . Summarie the last six lines in a sentence.

Ans:  The unending freshness of nature  renews itself by the grace of the spirit of God as the coming of the morning after nightfall.

3. What is the central idea of the poem?

Ans: This poem stressed the immanence of God. The whole universe is an expression of God's greatness, but man fail to recognise it. Though the soil is bare and smeared with man' s toil, " brood" over the world.

3. What do the seared, bleated, smeared suggest ?

Ans: " Seared" means 'dried up' or it can mean 'rendered incapable of feeling', 'Beard' means 'blurred with inflammation of the eyes' and 'smeared', mean 'rubbed over with dirt'. They suggest that there is a delicacy of feeling or perception in the world. The whole world has been degraded and made ugly by commercial activity and by toil aimed monetary gains.

4. What is the effect of the  repetition of the  words ' have trod' ? Have trod.

Ans: The repetition of the words ' have trod' captures the mechanical forces in verse because of their heavy accents. What is something called the ' daily grind' is a repetitive thump in which the feet of generation march on; and the ' trod' ....trod....trod' sets up the three beat rhythm of the next line: ' search.....bleated......smeared !

GRADE 12 | THE CHILDREN WHO WAIT | HERITAGE OF WORDS | SUMMARY & ALL QUESTION ANSWER

Author : Marsha Traugot

Heritage of Words - Women And Children- Grade 12.

Summary

In " The Children Who Wait", Marsha Traugot suggests reason for a new trend in adoption. Now a wider variety of families can open their homes to children who is the past would have been labelled adoptable. In setting forth the causes for this phenomenon, she draws from specific case history.

In the past only healthy white infants could be adopted. But now a five and a half year old back child suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome has been legally freed for adoption. She is Tammy. Her smile is as mysterious as that of Mona Lisa and she is as attractive as a kitchen. Her social worker is looking for a one or two parent, black or biracial family with older siblings. The family will have to visit Tammy for a long time to ease her change from foster home to permanent home. Since Tammy's intellectual growth might stop at any time, the family should ignore this aspect. In the past a nonwhite family with older siblings, a single parent family and handicapped children were not talked about when adoptions were concerned.

But now there has been a great change in the field of adoption. There are many factors behind this change: the various civil rights movements, birth control, changing social values, social science research and harsh economic reality. Because of the black Civil rights movements, even the black children have been equally respected. Due to birth control, legalised abortion and changing attitudes towards sexual behaviours and marriage, few health infants were available for adoption. Fewer unwanted babies were born and even the unwed mother could keep their babies with them without insult. The modern society could not say anything against such mother. Healthy babies were not available for adoption. Because of the scarcity of healthy babies, people turned their attention to other children.

The number of the other homeless children was increasing. Between 1960 and 1978 the number of children in the foster home reached half a million. The state did not know how many such children were there, whether they could be adopted and how many of them lived with their biological parent. If such children were left in the foster home for more than 18 months, they would remain here until they became mature. When they lived here for long, he would suffer form many problems pseudo- mental retardation, learning disabilities, mental illness, criminality and abnormal behaviour. These problems would make their lives and even their children's lives more troublesome. So the foster home would make their lives worse instead of making them better.

Because children don't vote, the politicians don't invest money to begin any new programs for such children. The child welfare specialists told the politicians that the cost of keeping an  average child in foster care was $ 3,600 and it could be as high as $2,400.  Then it became clear that the foster home was expensive and cruel, and the system changed. The conception of ideal adoptive family changed because the traditional family has nearly disappeared and the same type of family is not suitable for every type of child. Now the social worker writes down the characteristics of the child and the profile of a suitable family and them he tries to match. For example, for a fifteen years boy who is bad at school and who keeps on fighting, a strong male, who allows him reasonable freedom and who sets some limits, could syndrome, a heart defect and a hearing disability, a deeply religious, working - class family with older children would be most suitable. If the medical costs weaken the family budget, the state might help such families.

Moreover, the social worker also should change his attitudes. He must accept than even the handicapped child is adoptable and that the single male and the working class family can equally adopt a child. For this, specialists have introduced values- clarification workshops for social workers and their supervisors. To find the possible adoptive parents, first the workers look to their lists. Then, they give detailed information about the child to the regional exchange offices. Afterwards, they hold monthly meetings. They also organise parties for children, workers and possible parent to meet informally. If they still can't make a match, they advertise on TV. They also publish the child's profiles in newspapers. Now Tammy hopes to get a warm family who would support her permanently.

WOMEN'S BUSINESS GRADE 12 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - SUMMARY

Summary

Lydia Pinkham's kind face shone on the pages o of the papers, which advertised the medicine to cure the disease of women. She combined her business with social service. She advertised not only her product but she also supported women's rights, temperance and economic reform. She also supported women to consult female doctors and advised them on diet, exercise, hygiene and her own medicine. She used traditional feminine fears to sell her product. She  printed the report that women were able to correct physical problems, infertility, nervousness, hysteria and even marital conflict. She earned a lot and was very popular. She had held a special place in the history of American businesswomen later. Similarly other women also followed her in introducing feminine role in the masculine world of commerce.

  Like Pinkham, her followed also used their images as women to sell their products. But they emphasised their glamorous role. Helena and Elizabeth sold cosmetics and attracted the attention of the people by their marriages of European aristocrats. Some other women gave special attention to the role of mother of grandmother. Grossing-er ran a report hotel which was famous for food and entertainment. In the eyes of her customers she was a Jewish grandmother.

Women used traditional women's skill in their businesses and fulfilled the desires of women. Lydia Pinkhan had collected and used folk remedies to her family and later she began to sell herbal medicines for women. Margaret Rudkin helped her husband by selling additive-free bread, which she would prepare for her asthmatic son. To change their skill into a successful business, they introduced new methods and took a risk. Elizabeth Arden introduced a line of makeup, which was not widely used then. In the beauty market she was always ahead of demand. Apart from skin care and cosmetics, her salons paid attention to hair styling, ready-made clothes , yoga and nutrition. Helena Rubinstein sold a book on the advantages of eating raw food.

Few of them were able to combine marketing effort with a campaign for economic and social changes as Lydia had done. But other American businesswomen paid equal attention to profit and their product social effectiveness. Gertrude Muller invented a lot of child care product. She also distributed pamphlets and booklets about child rearing. Doctors and home economics instructors skill. She had a network of authorised sales agents. She established a school for training agents. She thought that it would uplift the black people and women. Apart from hair care, she supported good hygiene, thrift, and other good qualities. She and her sister believed that their profits in good works. Annie, Helena and Jennie contributed to hospital, school and cultural organisation.

Although they aimed to sell and to serve, they earned more than they served. Their advertising claims were wrong, so later they were controlled by the government. Lydia Pinkhan successfully combined the profit motive with the social service. She supported temperance and also sold alcoholic drink.

1. Which of Lydia E. Pinkaham's business methods did later women capitalist adopt for their own enterprises? In which way did they depart from Pinkham's model? ( लिडिया पिङकमको कुन व्यावसायिक तरिकाहरु पछिका महिला पुजिपतिहरुले आफ्नो व्यवसायको लागि अङाले? उनिहरु पिङ्कमको आदर्श भन्दा फरक थिए ?

Like Lydia Pinkham, many women of his era wanted to show that they were offering other customers more than their products. They were doing many things which would change their social and economic conditions. For example, Lydia would supply practical suggestions about diet, exercise, hygiene. Similarly, Arden also gave advice on nutrition and exercise. Moreover, like Pinkham, her followers consciously took advantages of their images as a women to promote their product. Following Pinkham, for example, Grossing-er managed to remain the willing Jewish grandmother in the eyes of the customers. In additional, women's businesses grew out of traditional women's skill and they mainly served the needs of women. And they stared their business collapsed she began to sell the medicine. To help her husband economically, Rudkin also began to sell the additive - free bread which she had prepared for her asthmatic son.

Lydia's face would shine on the pages of the papers to advertise her product, but other faves were not printed like that. Being a leader in business. Lydia had secured a special place in the history of American  and Helena and developed their images as glamorous fashionable women. Only Lydia could combine successfully , her marketing effort with a campaign for economic and social change. Lydia proclaimed that she was a Savior of Sex, although several of them had  done a lot for the benefit of women. Lydia supported temperance, at the same time she was selling alcoholic drink.

MARTIN LUTHER KING JR SUMMARY BIOGRAPHY - I HAVE A DREAM SPEECH - GRADE 12 | HERITAGE OF WORDS

I HAVE A DREAM

                                    Martin Luther King Jr.

Summary

Martin Luther King delivered the speech " I have a Dream" on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, which houses a giant marble statue of Abraham Lincoln, whose Emancipation Proclamation freed American slaves. This proclamation had brought a great hope to millions of the Negro slaves. They had hoped that there would not be injustice any more, and that they would not  be captive. But even now they are still put in chains of separation and discrimination. They are poor among the rich whites. They are neglected and they feel that they are in exile in their own land. The blacks have not been able to enjoy the equal rights promised to them by American constitution and the Declaration of Independence. Only the whites have enjoyed the rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. King hopes that the blacks will get freedom and security.

   King urges that this protest should not be cooled off, and that there should be an immediate change. Racial injustice will weaken the foundation of America. The Negroes are not expressing their anger temporarily. They will not be satisfied until they get justice. But king requests his people not to wonderful deeds, which might cause bitterness and hatred. They should continue their struggle in a disciplined way. They should not cause any physical violence. They should meet physical force with soul force. Their action should not cause any distrust in among the white people, because their luck is tied up with the luck of the white. But they should keep on struggling. The black people will be satisfied when the police will not torture them. When they are tired they must get lodging in the  motels and the hotels. Their houses should be better. They should be allowed to go  where the whites go. They should get the rights to vote and they should also know why they are voting.  He encourages them to keep on fighting they get justice and until they feel that they are created equal. But they should not lose their hopes. The revolt should be widespread King's dream and justice. It is a  dream of the land where content of character is more important than the colour of the skin. All the racists will no longer believe in colour. The blacks and the whites will be brothers and sisters. All the differences will disappear. There will be a sweet music of liberty resounding all over America. At last they will all be free.

1. What is the apparent purpose of this speech? ( यो भासणको स्पष्ट उद्योस्य के हो?)

The purpose of this speech is avoid racial injustice and provide freedom and equality to the blacks as promised in the American constitution.

THE LAST VOLTAGE OF THE GHOST SHIP | HERITAGE OF WORD | GRADE 12

THE LAST VOYAGE OF THE GHOST SHIP

                                        By Gabriel Garcia Marquez

Summary

The story describes how a boy deepens his observation and at last how he grows out of boyhood.

The boy has become a strong new man and he wants to show how he has changed. Many years before he had seen a large ship without lights and without any sound. One night it passed by his village. It was long and tall. It sailed to the other side of the bay. When the lights of the lighthouse fell on it, it disappeared and when there  were on lights it would reappear. Something must have gone wrong because it moved to the sand bank, ran on the ground, broke up and sank without a single sound. Actually after happening this, it had produced a large explosive noise. The next day he knew that it was his dream. He could see no sign of the ship. He could see the hunts on the seahorse and the smugglers ships  on the sea. But he didn't tell anyone about it.
The following March he saw the ship moving in the wrong direction as in the first time. He was sure that he was awake and ran to tell his mother. She saw very sad. She supposed that his brain was decayed. She had to go town to buy a chair. So she asked a boatman to watch over her son. But he saw the fish and hairs, not the ship. The son was so stubborn and she had to promise to watch the ship the next March. She sat on the chair thinking of her dead husband. she was excited and died. After this, four other women also died when they sat on this chair and they threw the evil chair into the sea.
The boy was an orphan now. He didn't like to live by charity. He sold fish out of the boats. His voice was becoming louder. He looked to the sea another night in March. He saw the big whale. The dog were barking and the women were afraid. Even the oldest men remembered how their great - grandfather had crawled under their beds. Those who ran into the street didn't see the ship which was lost again in the east and raised up the following year. But they beat the boy. They left him twisted. He was extremely angry and wanted to show who he was. He did not tell anyone about his plan next year.

On the eve of the appearance of the ghost ship, he was going steal a boat, cross the bay spend the evening for it. He was lost his adventure and didn't notice the usual things : the ivory statuette, the Dutch Negroes and the Malayans. It was night and he was rowing in the stolen boat to the mouth of the day. He didn't light the lantern not the alert the custom police. Every fifteen seconds, the light of the lighthouse home. He was getting close to the buoys. The lights looked cruel and the water sad. The night was very dark as if the stars were dead. Now the ship was there. It was very large and there was no light because there was nobody inside. He saw a lot of drowned animals floating. When there was the light of the lighthouse it all disappeared. He stayed alone not knowing what to do. When the light passed, the ship appeared again. Its compass were not of order and it was moving to the sand bank. Suddenly it occurred to him that he should light the lantern. When he lighted it, the ship corrected it course and it was a rebirth. The animals corpse went to the bottom and the routine of life came to normal. He was still angry. He wanted to show the cowards who he was. He rowed his boat in front of the ship. He was guiding the pilot. The ship seemed to be under his control. Even the lights of the lighthouse didn't make it invisible.

The crosses of the Church, the misery of the house, and the illusion were very dear. The ship still followed him. The pilot must have mistaken and then there was a roar of the whistle bursting forth. He was soaked with the downpour of steam. His boat was about to upturn. The whole village was bright with the ship light. A second before the ship broke the ground. Then the light came out and it was no longer a march morning but a bright a noon of Wednesday. Now he could see the suprised disbelievers. They looked thoroughly at the largest ship in the world. The other one was on the ground in front of the church. It was taller and larger than the village with its name engraved in iron letters, Halaesillog. The wasters of the sea of death were dripping down its sides.

GOD'S GRANDEUR | HERITAGE OF WORDS | GRADE 12 QUESTION ANSWER

GOD'S GRANDEUR

                   By Gerard Manley Hopkins

Summary

The world is filled with the greatness of God. God' s glory expresses itself in two ways. Sometimes it flames out with sudden brightness when a gold foil is shaken. At other times, the poet thinks of an olive press, with the oil oozing from the pressed fruit. It oozes from every part of the press in a fine film and then the trickles gathers together to form a jar of oil. In the same way, the grandeur of God is found everywhere, tricking from every simple thing in a created universe and accumulating to form a greatness. The poet wonders why people do not care about God's rod. People pursue their worldly activities without any thought of God's will and without the fear of god's anger.

Generation of human beings have followed the same worldly path and have become so habitual to it that they don' t know its uselessness. It has become monotonous due to lack of the divine will. The world has been degraded and made ugly by commercial activity and by hard work aimed at worldly gains. The world bears the marks of man's dirt and gives out man's bad smell. The beauty of nature is spoiled by man's industrial activity and the sweet smell of nature has been drowned in the bad smell that comes from machines. The earth is now bare, having lost all living beauty. Man is insensitive to this bareness. Because of the Tahoe, he can't feel wherewith the earth is soft or hard.In spite of man' activities trending a destroyed the beauty of Nature. It is next inexhaustible. At the bottom of the world there is freshness. This freshness never disappears. When spring comes nature renews itself and thus shows underlying freshness. And although the sun goes down the western sky and the earth is plunged in darkness, the next day will dawn and the sun will be rising again in the estern sky. Just as a dove with its warm breast broods over its young ones in its nest, so the Holy Ghost broods protectively over the world which is bent in sleep and forgetfulness.

1. What does the poet say in first quatrain and in the second?

Ans: Generational of human beings have followed the same worldly path and have become so habitual to it that they don' t know its uselessness. It has become monotonous due to lack of the divine will. The world has been degraded and made ugly by commercial activity and by hard work aimed at worldly gains. The world bears the marks of man's dirt and gives out man's bad smell. The beauty of nature is spoiled by man's industrial activity and the sweet smell of nature has been drowned in the bad smell that comes from machines. The earth is now bare, having lost all living beauty. Man is insensitive to this bareness. Because of the Tahoe, he can't feel whether the earth is soft or hard.

2 . Summarie the last six lines in a sentence.

Ans:  The unending freshness of nature  renews itself by the grace of the spirit of God as the coming of the morning after nightfall.

3. What is the central idea of the poem?

Ans: This poem stressed the immanence of God. The whole universe is an expression of God's greatness, but man fail to recognise it. Though the soil is bare and smeared with man' s toil, " brood" over the world.

3. What do the seared, bleated, smeared suggest ?

Ans: " Seared" means 'dried up' or it can mean 'rendered incapable of feeling', 'Beard' means 'blurred with inflammation of the eyes' and 'smeared', mean 'rubbed over with dirt'. They suggest that there is a delicacy of feeling or perception in the world. The whole world has been degraded and made ugly by commercial activity and by toil aimed monetary gains.

4. What is the effect of the  repetition of the  words ' have trod' ? Have trod.

Ans: The repetition of the words ' have trod' captures the mechanical forces in verse because of their heavy accents. What is something called the ' daily grind' is a repetitive thump in which the feet of generation march on; and the ' trod' ....trod....trod' sets up the three beat rhythm of the next line: ' search.....bleated......smeared !