New Horizons - The Myths - B.ed Second Year Long Reference Notes

The Myths

                          Jostein Gaarder

Main Points Of the text

• the present text explores the development of western philosophical thought from ancient to present time.
• The text is about the origin of myth and its relationship with the philosophy.
• Myths existed even before the existence of philosophy and science. Hence, myths may not have scientific bases.
• This essay talks about the natural happening bases on the Nordic mythology.
• Myths are stories about religion which inform us about the ancient culture and tradition.
• The author explains that in the beginning, the myths were used to explain natural phenomenon.
• Philosophy rejects mythical explanation because it ( philosophy ) is based on reason and logic.

Summary

Sophie receives a letter which describes about the mythological world picture and considers philosophy as a new way of thinking critically that evolved in Greek period. People developed and interpreted myths as they wanted because it helped them explain why nature worked the way it did. As mythologies were part of human culture, they were handed down from one generation to another for centuries, and from the Greeks and Romans to the Western world.

A myths is a story about religion and stories about gods which try to explain why life is as it is. Myths are stories about the gods, goddesses supernatural beings etc. In other words, a myth is a story about the god which sets out to explain why life is as it is. The earliest Greek philosophers criticized mythology and tried to seek more convincing reasons behind such mythologies. They considered myths as nothing more than human ideas and beliefs.

This essay talks about the natural happening based on the Nordic mythology. In Nordic mythology, Thor was the god of thunder, rain, weather and fertility. According to Nordic mythology, before Christianity came to Norway, Thor rode across the sky in a Chariot drawn by two goats. When he swung his hammer, it made thunder and lightning. When there was thunder, there was also rain which is vital for farmers. So Thor is worshipped as the god of fertility.

One morning mighty Thor woke to find that his hammer, Mjollnir, was missing. He woke all of the other gods and goddesses asking if they had seen his hammer, but none of them had, and became quite upset to hear that his hammer was missing. The hammer was the most powerful weapon that the gods possessed and if their enemies heard that the hammer was missing then they might attack, and the gods would be powerless against them. Loki, the trickster god, had an idea about who had stolen the hammer, so he turned himself into a falcon and flew off to find Thrym, the king is of the giants. When Loki found Thrym, the giant confessed that it was indeed him that had stolen the hammer while Thor slept. Thrym also said that he had hidden it in a place where no one could find it, and he would not return the hammer until Freyja, the most beautiful of all the goddesses, was made his bride. Loki flew off to tell the gods the bad news. They debated and argued, but they came to the conclusion that Freyja must become Thrym's wife so that the hammer would be returned.

Then Freyja and the other gods started preparing for Freyja's weeding when the god Heimdall came up with an idea: Dress mighty Thor up in Freyja's clothing and send him to marry Thrym. Thor didn't like the idea of dressing up like a woman. But he also hated the idea of beautiful Freyja becoming Thrym's bride even more, so he reluctantly agreed. Thor dressed as a bride, was acomplained by his "handmaiden" Loki to Thrym's castle. When Thor and Loki arrived. Thrym welcomed them in, and held  a feasting their honour. Thor ate an entire ox, a net full of salmon and six barrels of mead by himself, and when Thrym asked Loki why the "maiden" was eating to much Loki replied that she had not eaten for a week in anticipation of the weeding and was starving. Thinking that "Freyja" was really in love with him he decided to give her a kiss. Thrym lifted her veil and prepared to kiss Loki why his bride's eyes looked the way that they did. Alarmed, he asked Loki why his bride's eyes looked the way they did. Smoothly Loki replied that she had not slept of a week either and would be fine once she had had a chance to rest. Thrym accepted this and decided to make his bride wait no longer for the weeding. Fetching the hammer and holding it aloft he prepared to bless the union when Thor could take it no longer. He ripped off his bridal clothes, grabbed his hammer and beat all the giants to death with it, starting with Thrym.

The author explain that in the beginning, the myths made an attempt to explain natural phenomenon. Hence, this mythology explains how the balance of the nature was maintained and why there was constant struggle between good and evil. The philosophers rejected such mythical explanations, they wanted more precise and scientific explanations.

This is how the ancient myths tried to give people an explanation for something they could not understand. We can find a great numbers of myths from other parts of the world. In some parts of the world, the people dramatised their myths about seasons, harvest etc. Mythological notions of this type flourished in most parts of the world until the philosophers and scientists began to interfere with them.

What are myths?

A myths is a traditional story about heroes or supernatural beings, often attempting to explain the origins of natural phenomena or aspects of human behaviour. A myths is a story about the god which sets out to explain why life is as it is.

What is a common myths found in your culture or region? Share it with your friends.

Various myths can be found in my culture or religion. Most of such myths are related to Gods, Goddesses the creation of the world, creation of human/creatures and so on. Some of the common myths found in my culture or religion are:

a) The whole Kathmandu Valley was once s large lake. Manjushre have outlet to the water of the valley by cutting cliffs of Chovar with his large sword.

b) According to the Hindu mythology, king Janak was one ploughing in land. He suddenly found a beautiful girl in the field. He named her as "Sita" and brought her up as his own daughter.

c) According to Hindu mythology, the universe was created by Lord Vishnu.

d) The name of our country Nepal was derived from the name of sage king called Nepal who ruled for long time.

1. What does the letter that Sophie got talk about?

The letter that Sophie got talks about philosophy or new way of thinking . It talks about Thor who was worshipped in the Norse mythology as the god of thunder, rain and fertility. The letter also talks about mythological explanation about how the balance of nature was maintained and why there was a constant struggle between good and evil. The letter also talks about the real meaning behind the myths.

2. Who was Thor? How does the passage interpret his personality?

In Nordic mythology, Thor was the god of thunder, rain weather and fertility. According to this mythology, it is believed that before Christianity came to Norway, Thor rode across the sky in a chariot drawn by two goats. When there is thunder,  there is also rain which is vital for farmers. So, Thor is worshipped as the god of fertility.

3. How do the Nordic myths describe the rain?

According to the Nordic myths, Thor is regarded as the god of thunder, lightning, rain, weather and fertility. It is believed that Thor rides across the sky with his hammer. When he swings his hammer, it makes thunder and lightning and there is rain. When it rains, the corn germinates and flourishes in the fields.

4. How did Thor regain his lost hammer?

Thor regained his lost hammer by disguising himself as Frejya whom Thrym wanted to marry. When the giant lifted the veil to kiss, Thor got back his hammer and killed Thrym.

5. How do people interpret this myth?

According to the interpretation of people, when a drought occurred, people asked why there was no rain. They also asked if it could be that the giants had stolen Thor's hammer.

6. How did Sophie visualise the natural happening after reading the letter?

After reading the letter, Sophie visualized the natural happenings not in her own traditional ways. She understood that people had always felt a need to explain the processes of nature. Perhaps they could not live without such explanations and that they made up all those myths in the time before there was anything called science. She understood the explanations for the changing seasons and natural processes based on experience and reason.

A) This passage talks about the Nordic mythology. Write a few paragraphs on the myths that are in your culture regarding the natural happenings.

This passage talk about the natural happening based on the Nordic mythology. It talks about Thor, the God of rain, thunder, lightning and fertility. Similarly, in my culture also there are various myths regarding the natural happening. In Hindu mythology rain, thunder and lightning are caused by Lord Indra. In Vedic times, Indra was the supreme ruler of all gods and the leader of Devas. Indra was god of war and greatest of all warriors. He was the strongest of all beings and ruled thunder and storms. Indra was the defender of all gods and mankind against the forces of the evil. In earlier scripts he was narrated as the aspect of the sun-god, riding in a golden chariot across the heaven. Later, he was ascribed as the god of thunder and storms owning a celestial weapon Vajra or lightning bolt. He is regarded as the creator good since be bring water to the earth and thus causes fertility. Thus, if it does not rain for a long time, people worship lord Indra in my culture.

B) Develop your own idea on the rain and thunder without referring to the scientific reasons. Compare your view with the Nordic mythology and see how they are similar.

In my culture, people believe that rain is caused by the rain God, Indra. Indra was the favourite Vedic God in the Rig Veda. Legends surround his Vedic God establishing Him as the God of rain in Hindu mythology. Indra was the defender of all gods and mankind against the forces of the evil. In earlier scripts he was narrated as the aspect of the sun-god, riding in a golden Chariot across the heaven. Later he was ascribed as the god of thunder and storms owing a celestial weapon Vajra or lightning bolt. He is regarded as the creator god since the brings water to the earth and thus causes fertility.

Unlike in our mythology, in Nordic mythology Thor is considered as the god of thunder rain weather and fertility. According to this myth. Thor rode across the sky in a Chariot drawn by two goats. When he swung his hammer, it made thunder and lightning. When there was thunder there was also rain. Farmers became happy and they worshipped Thor as the god of fertility.

CV - ( Curriculum Vitae, Resume, Bio- Data), Its Good qualities and Its Components- B.ed Second Year (424)- ACADEMIC WRITING.

Curriculum Vitae

Name                                : Peter James Green

Address                             : 26 Windmill Road, Bristole Bs  26 PP

Telephone                          : 01179456449
Date Of Birth                    : 11 March 1997

Nationality                        :  British
Qualification                     : 

1996 -99                              Anglia Polytechnic University: BA in Literature

1988- 95                               Clifton School, 3A Level

                                             Art (A) : Technology

                                            Art (A) : Mathematics (C) 10 GCSES

Employment of Date         : 

1999 - Present                    EMS corporation Imaging, Design Department

                                            Riverside Houses, 22 Charles St. Bristol
Skill                                    : Computer Literature
Interest                               : Tennis, Swimming
Reference                           : Dr. M., Chair, Department of Mod 

                                              ern Language Grammar School, CA 94305

Curriculum with its various components

CV stand for ' curriculum vitae' which is also called ' bio- data' or resume. It is a short account  of somebody. It provides overall knowledge about a person or we can say it is a brief written description of one's educational qualification, previous employment, and sometimes also personal interest, which one send to a possible employer.

Whereas, resume is used in American English. It is shorter than resume including the summary of one's skills, experience, and education. Both of them are used for same purpose.

Basically, Resume contain some components like one's identification, career, objectives, educational, professional skills, professional affiliation, personal data and references. These aspects are discussed below as:

1. Identification ;

This part of resume includes full name in block letter, full address ( permanent/ temporary), date of birth, telephone number, e- mail Id, nationality, marital status, sex religion.

2. Career objectives:

This part is optional but the applicant, who decides whether she has to remark career objective or not.

3. Employment/ Experience:

This section includes the information related to the job or work which has been objective or not.

4. Education/ Qualification:

This part includes educational information. The qualification should be referred in chronological order such as SLC, Intermediate, Bachelor and so on. It also includes training. But now days people prefer to write qualification from higher level to lower level consisting their division and collage location.

5. Professional skills:

This part consists what types of skill one has for what sorts of profession.

6. Professional affiliations:

It consist one' s involved in national or international club, organization, social work. This part is very necessary because it shows one's capacity of controlling power over job.

7. Personal data:

Here we can one's hobbies, know languages driving license ; etc.

8. Reference:

We can give detail for a person who have good status and already established or relatives but if one does not want to give reference she can write " Available on request."

Good qualities Of Curriculum.

There is no argument in the point that a resume includes research and working experience, publication, grants, fellowship, professional association, individual, academic, etc information. However, zigzag presentation cannot yield good blue- print. Therefore a resume needs qualities of 5C. They are as follow:

1. Clear           -              well - organization
2. Concise       -               relevant and necessary

3. Complete    -               include everything necessary

4. Consistent   -              don't mix style and fonts 
5. Current        -              up to date

           In spite of the above qualities a write should consider on the information which have been presented below:

a. Don't use sentences ( use phrasal from only)

b. Itemised the achievement. 

c. Begin the list with past participle form.

d. Quantity or specify the achievements.

e. Put the subject matter in chronological order. 
f. Make it error free.  

ENGLISH LITERATURE LONG NOTES - 11 MAJOR ENGLISH - REFERENCE NOTES

OLD ENGLISH LITERATURE [ ANGLO - SAXON ] 

The old English language, also called Anglo - Saxon, was the earliest form of English. It was spoken from about 600 AD to 1100 AD.

The Greatest Old English poem is Beowulf which was written in the 7th C. It is a story about the heroic adventures of a hero, Beowulf in about 3000 lines. The story takes place in Denmark. Beowulf was a young warrior from southern Sweden who went to Denmark to help king Hrothgar's great hall Heorot, was troubled by a lake monster called Grendel. Beowulf fought with Grendel bare - handed and killed it. Grendel's mother came to take revenge, but Beowulf killed her in her home in a lake. Later's Beowulf became the king and ruled his country peacefully for fifty years. In the end, he died of wounds that he had received while fighting against a dragon.

Many of the Old English poem are related with religion and the Bible. ' Genesis A' and ' Genesis B' are related with the creation of the world and the fall of the angels. ' Exodus' and 'David' are related with the Bible stories. 'Christ' and Satan deals with events in Christ's life.

Caedmon and Cynewulf are the two important Old English poets. Caedmon was a poor, uneducated villager who was asked by a angle to sing the praise of God. Only a  part of his song remain. Cynewulf poems are religious and were  written in the 8th C. He wrote ' Juliana', ' The Fates of the Apostles', 'Christ', 'Elene'.

The oldest example of Old English prose are 'Laws', written at the beginning of the 7th C. Another example was an important prose writer of Old English. He brought learning to England, and educated the people. He also translated many Latin books into Old English. Another important prose writer was Aelfric, the writer of ' 'Honcilies' and 'Lives of Saints'. His works were mostly religious.

Middle English Literature

The middle English was spoke  in England from about 11 AD to about 1500 AD. It was much easier than the old English.

The greatest poet of the Middle English was Geoffrey Chaucer, often called the Father of English poetry. His great work was ' The Canterbury Tales', which is in about 17,000 lines. It is a collection of stories told by pilgrims on a pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral. There are more than twenty stories, but the descriptions of the characters are much more important than their stories. They represent the English life and the various professions. Some of the characters  and their stories are very interesting Chaucer also wrote ' Jroilus and Creseyde' and ' The Legend of Good Women'.

Another poet of Chaucer's time was William Langland, who wrote ' The Vision Of Piers The Ploughman' . It describes the sorrow of the poor in alliterative lines. This alliteration can be seen in other poems, as well, as in 'Sir Gwain and the Green Knight'. It is a story related with the legend of king Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.

Much of the Middle English prose is religious. John Wycliffe, who was a priest, made the Bible available for the common man. He translated the Bible from Latin to English. Another important prose word is ' Morte D' Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory. It is about the adventures of king Arthur and his Knights. It has two themes: one is the search for the Holy Grail, and the other is Arthur's against his enemies.

The first English plays told religious stories and were performed in or near churches. The Miracle or Mystery Plays were related with the Bible and the life of Christ. Later, they were performed on travelling stages that moved from one village to another. The Morality Plays had personified characters, suck as the virtues and vices. They taught Christian morality is the uneducated. The Interludes were funny and human plays which were acted away from the Church. This was purely for the entertainment of the people.

Elizabethan Poetry ( 16th Century)

The proper Elizabethan Literary age began in 1579, but before that year, Sir Thomas Wyatt and the Earl of Survey made their poetic contributions. Sir Wyatt brought the sonnet from Italy and made it popular in England. He followed the tradition of the Petrarchan sonnet with Octave and Sestet. This was later changed into English sonnet style by Shakespeare, who divided the sonnet into three quatrains summed up by a  couplet. The Earl of surrey wrote the first blank verse in English.

The poet to introduce the Elizabethan age was Edmund Spenser. In 1579, he wrote ' The Shepherd's', 'Calendar', a poem in twelve books, one for each months of the year. His greatest work was 'The shepherd Queens'.  Though it was planned to be written in twelve books, he could complete only six of them. It is an allegorical work with three themes: a political theme, a moral theme, and fairy tale. More than the story, their work is known for its magic feeling, wonderful music in verse, and the beauty of the sound. It is written Spenserian Stanza if nine lines, with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc.


The Elizabethan age produced many beautiful lyrics. One of the five lyricists, was Sir Philip Sidney who was a countries, statesman, solider and a poet. His books of sonnets 'Astrophel 'and  Stella' was printed in 1591, after his death. Another great poet was Sir Watter Raleigh who was also a solider, sailor explorer, courtier and a writer.



Some example of the Elizabethan lyrics can be found in the plays of Shakespeare. His long poem 'Venus and Adonis' and 'The Rape of Lucrece' are rather cold and without feelings. But the occasional lyrics found in his drams are full  of feelings and passion.



Elizabethan Drama


Drama was the chief literary glory of the Elizabethan age. In the beginning, these dames was not so well- written, though the comedies were better than the tragedies, 'Ralph Roister Doister' is take as the first regular English comedy. It was a kind of force in rough verse written by Nichola Udal. Another comedy was 'Grammar Gurton's Needle' acted at Cambridge University in 1566. Lyly improved the comedy 'Compaspe' and 'Edimion'. 

' Gorboduc', written by Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville Alarlowe. He developed the blank verse for the stage and some of his dramas contain fine poetry. His first tragedy ' Jamburlane' the Great the story of the rise and cruelty of Jamburlaine. The ' Jew of Malta' is a tragedy of Barabus, a rich Jew of Malta. Dr. Faustics is about the tragic ambition of a philosopher. His best play 'Edward the Second' is about the tragic weakness of king Edward II.

William Shakespeare is taken as the finest dramatist of all times. He began his career by writing historical plays like 

What is English Literature? - Long Reference Notes, NEB Board, Question Paper

General English

OLD ENGLISH LITERATURE

The old English language was the earliest form of English. It is also called Anglo Saxon. Though it is difficult to say the exact date or rise and development of this language, it was spoken from A.D. 600 to about 1100.

- Beowulf is the greatest old English poem.

- Other poetical works of the period are Genesis A and Genesis B.

Genesis A - is dull taken from the Bible and put into old English verse.

Genesis B - is short and concerned with the beginning of the world and the fall of the angels. The poet describes God' s punishment to Satan and place of punishment for evil in hell.

Exodus, Daniel, Christ, Satan - are related with Christ's Life.

We do not know about the great English poet who wrote Beowulf. But we know two old English poets -

i) CAEDMON - was a poor uneducated countryman who would not sing. But with the angel's presence, he was able to sing.

ii) CYNEWULF - this poems are religious. They were probably written in the second half of the eighth century. He wrote - Juliana, The Fates of the Apostles, Christ and Elene.

Old English Lyrics - i) The Husband's Message

                                 ii) The Wanderer

                                iii) The Wife's Complaint

                                iv) Deor's Complaint - Deor is a singer who has lost his lord's favour. So he complains but he tries to comfort himself by remembering other sorrows of the world.

Old English Prose - came later than old English verse.

KING ALFRED - had great influence on Anglo - Saxon Chronicle. It is an interesting piece of work. It is about an early history of the country. He also translated a number of Latin books into  old English. He improved the education of his people.

ii) AELERIC - another prose writer of this period. He wrote Homilies and Lives of Saints. They were mostly religious. His prose style is the best in old English. He used: alliteration to join his sentences together.

Beowulf

The first greatest old English epic poem is Beowulf. It is a story about 3,000 lines. It belongs to the seventh century. The name of the author is unknown.

It is a story about a brave young man, Beowulf. Hrothgar is the king of Danes. He is in trouble when a terrible creature Grendel visits his great hall called Heorot. Beowulf goes to help him with his warriors from southern Sweden. Grendel lives in a lake. He comes  to kill and eat Hrothgar's men. One night Beowulf wains for the creature and attacks it. It's fiercely attacked. So it goes back to the lake anyhow and dies there.

But his mother comes to the hall to take revenge of her son. Beowulf bravely fights with her following her to the bottom of the lake and killed her too.

Later he becomes the king of his people. Again he has to defend his country against a fire- breathing creature. He fights bravely to the creature and kills the animal. But unfortunately, he is also wounded badly and dies there.

Thus, the poem ends with a sorrowful description of Beowulf's funeral fire.

Value of the poem - Though it is difficult to understand the language of the poem, it gives the interesting picture of life in those old days. It is the record of fierce fight and brave dead. It is the description of people's life in the hall, the terrible creatures and their fight. Their life was hard, difficult and full of struggle.

[ Each half line has two main beats. There is no rhyme. Each half line is joined to others by alliteration. ]

'Beowulf' is the oldest surviving epic of the Germanic people. Its story belongs to the 7th C. The poem contain more than 3000 lines but its author is unknown. Beowulf is a great warrior of the royal Swedish blood. With his fourteen friends, he goes to help king Hrothgar of the Danes. King Hrothgar's great hall heorot was ravaged by a monster named Grendel: Beowulf woulds Grendel to death in a single fight. Later, Grendel's mother comes to take revenge. She is more fearful than Grendel and lives in a lonely lake. Beowulf goes into the lake, fights her and kills her with a huge sword. After his return to his country, he is made the king of his people. He rules peacefully for fifty years, and in the end, he is wounded by a poisonous dragon and he dies.

' Beowulf ' is written in Old English which is very difficult to read nowadays, but it has its values. It gives us an interesting picture of the life in those old days. It describes their life in the hall, the terrible creatures they had to fight, and their ships and travels. It shows their hard life on land and sea.

OLD ENGLISH LITERATURE [ ANGLO - SAXON ] 

The old English language, also called Anglo - Saxon, was the earliest form of English. It was spoken from about 600 AD to 1100 AD.

The Greatest Old English poem is Beowulf which was written in the 7th C. It is a story about the heroic adventures of a hero, Beowulf in about 3000 lines. The story takes place in Denmark. Beowulf was a young warrior from southern Sweden who went to Denmark to help king Hrothgar's great hall Heorot, was troubled by a lake monster called Grendel. Beowulf fought with Grendel bare - handed and killed it. Grendel's mother came to take revenge, but Beowulf killed her in her home in a lake. Later's Beowulf became the king and ruled his country peacefully for fifty years. In the end, he died of wounds that he had received while fighting against a dragon.

Many of the Old English poem are related with religion and the Bible. ' Genesis A' and ' Genesis B' are related with the creation of the world and the fall of the angels. ' Exodus' and 'David' are related with the Bible stories. 'Christ' and Satan deals with events in Christ's life.

Caedmon and Cynewulf are the two important Old English poets. Caedmon was a poor, uneducated villager who was asked by a angle to sing the praise of God. Only a  part of his song remain. Cynewulf poems are religious and were  written in the 8th C. He wrote ' Juliana', ' The Fates of the Apostles', 'Christ', 'Elene'.

The oldest example of Old English prose are 'Laws', written at the beginning of the 7th C. Another example was an important prose writer of Old English. He brought learning to England, and educated the people. He also translated many Latin books into Old English. Another important prose writer was Aelfric, the writer of ' 'Honcilies' and 'Lives of Saints'. His works were mostly religious.

MIDDLE ENGLISH LITERATURE
The period from 1100 -1500 is called Middle English. The langauge has changed a great deal since the time of Beowulf. The greatest poet of this period is Geoffrey Chaucer. He is the father of English poetry.


Middle English Poetry - By Chaucer

i) The Canterbury Tales - a greatest work of Chaucer, a collection of stories.
ii) Troylus and Cryseyde - about the love of the two young people.
iii) The Legend of Good Women. 

GRADE 12 | THE CHILDREN WHO WAIT | HERITAGE OF WORDS | SUMMARY & ALL QUESTION ANSWER

Author : Marsha Traugot

Heritage of Words - Women And Children- Grade 12.

Summary

In " The Children Who Wait", Marsha Traugot suggests reason for a new trend in adoption. Now a wider variety of families can open their homes to children who is the past would have been labelled adoptable. In setting forth the causes for this phenomenon, she draws from specific case history.

In the past only healthy white infants could be adopted. But now a five and a half year old back child suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome has been legally freed for adoption. She is Tammy. Her smile is as mysterious as that of Mona Lisa and she is as attractive as a kitchen. Her social worker is looking for a one or two parent, black or biracial family with older siblings. The family will have to visit Tammy for a long time to ease her change from foster home to permanent home. Since Tammy's intellectual growth might stop at any time, the family should ignore this aspect. In the past a nonwhite family with older siblings, a single parent family and handicapped children were not talked about when adoptions were concerned.

But now there has been a great change in the field of adoption. There are many factors behind this change: the various civil rights movements, birth control, changing social values, social science research and harsh economic reality. Because of the black Civil rights movements, even the black children have been equally respected. Due to birth control, legalised abortion and changing attitudes towards sexual behaviours and marriage, few health infants were available for adoption. Fewer unwanted babies were born and even the unwed mother could keep their babies with them without insult. The modern society could not say anything against such mother. Healthy babies were not available for adoption. Because of the scarcity of healthy babies, people turned their attention to other children.

The number of the other homeless children was increasing. Between 1960 and 1978 the number of children in the foster home reached half a million. The state did not know how many such children were there, whether they could be adopted and how many of them lived with their biological parent. If such children were left in the foster home for more than 18 months, they would remain here until they became mature. When they lived here for long, he would suffer form many problems pseudo- mental retardation, learning disabilities, mental illness, criminality and abnormal behaviour. These problems would make their lives and even their children's lives more troublesome. So the foster home would make their lives worse instead of making them better.

Because children don't vote, the politicians don't invest money to begin any new programs for such children. The child welfare specialists told the politicians that the cost of keeping an  average child in foster care was $ 3,600 and it could be as high as $2,400.  Then it became clear that the foster home was expensive and cruel, and the system changed. The conception of ideal adoptive family changed because the traditional family has nearly disappeared and the same type of family is not suitable for every type of child. Now the social worker writes down the characteristics of the child and the profile of a suitable family and them he tries to match. For example, for a fifteen years boy who is bad at school and who keeps on fighting, a strong male, who allows him reasonable freedom and who sets some limits, could syndrome, a heart defect and a hearing disability, a deeply religious, working - class family with older children would be most suitable. If the medical costs weaken the family budget, the state might help such families.

Moreover, the social worker also should change his attitudes. He must accept than even the handicapped child is adoptable and that the single male and the working class family can equally adopt a child. For this, specialists have introduced values- clarification workshops for social workers and their supervisors. To find the possible adoptive parents, first the workers look to their lists. Then, they give detailed information about the child to the regional exchange offices. Afterwards, they hold monthly meetings. They also organise parties for children, workers and possible parent to meet informally. If they still can't make a match, they advertise on TV. They also publish the child's profiles in newspapers. Now Tammy hopes to get a warm family who would support her permanently.

WOMEN'S BUSINESS GRADE 12 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - SUMMARY

Summary

Lydia Pinkham's kind face shone on the pages o of the papers, which advertised the medicine to cure the disease of women. She combined her business with social service. She advertised not only her product but she also supported women's rights, temperance and economic reform. She also supported women to consult female doctors and advised them on diet, exercise, hygiene and her own medicine. She used traditional feminine fears to sell her product. She  printed the report that women were able to correct physical problems, infertility, nervousness, hysteria and even marital conflict. She earned a lot and was very popular. She had held a special place in the history of American businesswomen later. Similarly other women also followed her in introducing feminine role in the masculine world of commerce.

  Like Pinkham, her followed also used their images as women to sell their products. But they emphasised their glamorous role. Helena and Elizabeth sold cosmetics and attracted the attention of the people by their marriages of European aristocrats. Some other women gave special attention to the role of mother of grandmother. Grossing-er ran a report hotel which was famous for food and entertainment. In the eyes of her customers she was a Jewish grandmother.

Women used traditional women's skill in their businesses and fulfilled the desires of women. Lydia Pinkhan had collected and used folk remedies to her family and later she began to sell herbal medicines for women. Margaret Rudkin helped her husband by selling additive-free bread, which she would prepare for her asthmatic son. To change their skill into a successful business, they introduced new methods and took a risk. Elizabeth Arden introduced a line of makeup, which was not widely used then. In the beauty market she was always ahead of demand. Apart from skin care and cosmetics, her salons paid attention to hair styling, ready-made clothes , yoga and nutrition. Helena Rubinstein sold a book on the advantages of eating raw food.

Few of them were able to combine marketing effort with a campaign for economic and social changes as Lydia had done. But other American businesswomen paid equal attention to profit and their product social effectiveness. Gertrude Muller invented a lot of child care product. She also distributed pamphlets and booklets about child rearing. Doctors and home economics instructors skill. She had a network of authorised sales agents. She established a school for training agents. She thought that it would uplift the black people and women. Apart from hair care, she supported good hygiene, thrift, and other good qualities. She and her sister believed that their profits in good works. Annie, Helena and Jennie contributed to hospital, school and cultural organisation.

Although they aimed to sell and to serve, they earned more than they served. Their advertising claims were wrong, so later they were controlled by the government. Lydia Pinkhan successfully combined the profit motive with the social service. She supported temperance and also sold alcoholic drink.

1. Which of Lydia E. Pinkaham's business methods did later women capitalist adopt for their own enterprises? In which way did they depart from Pinkham's model? ( लिडिया पिङकमको कुन व्यावसायिक तरिकाहरु पछिका महिला पुजिपतिहरुले आफ्नो व्यवसायको लागि अङाले? उनिहरु पिङ्कमको आदर्श भन्दा फरक थिए ?

Like Lydia Pinkham, many women of his era wanted to show that they were offering other customers more than their products. They were doing many things which would change their social and economic conditions. For example, Lydia would supply practical suggestions about diet, exercise, hygiene. Similarly, Arden also gave advice on nutrition and exercise. Moreover, like Pinkham, her followers consciously took advantages of their images as a women to promote their product. Following Pinkham, for example, Grossing-er managed to remain the willing Jewish grandmother in the eyes of the customers. In additional, women's businesses grew out of traditional women's skill and they mainly served the needs of women. And they stared their business collapsed she began to sell the medicine. To help her husband economically, Rudkin also began to sell the additive - free bread which she had prepared for her asthmatic son.

Lydia's face would shine on the pages of the papers to advertise her product, but other faves were not printed like that. Being a leader in business. Lydia had secured a special place in the history of American  and Helena and developed their images as glamorous fashionable women. Only Lydia could combine successfully , her marketing effort with a campaign for economic and social change. Lydia proclaimed that she was a Savior of Sex, although several of them had  done a lot for the benefit of women. Lydia supported temperance, at the same time she was selling alcoholic drink.

MARTIN LUTHER KING JR SUMMARY BIOGRAPHY - I HAVE A DREAM SPEECH - GRADE 12 | HERITAGE OF WORDS

I HAVE A DREAM

                                    Martin Luther King Jr.

Summary

Martin Luther King delivered the speech " I have a Dream" on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, which houses a giant marble statue of Abraham Lincoln, whose Emancipation Proclamation freed American slaves. This proclamation had brought a great hope to millions of the Negro slaves. They had hoped that there would not be injustice any more, and that they would not  be captive. But even now they are still put in chains of separation and discrimination. They are poor among the rich whites. They are neglected and they feel that they are in exile in their own land. The blacks have not been able to enjoy the equal rights promised to them by American constitution and the Declaration of Independence. Only the whites have enjoyed the rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. King hopes that the blacks will get freedom and security.

   King urges that this protest should not be cooled off, and that there should be an immediate change. Racial injustice will weaken the foundation of America. The Negroes are not expressing their anger temporarily. They will not be satisfied until they get justice. But king requests his people not to wonderful deeds, which might cause bitterness and hatred. They should continue their struggle in a disciplined way. They should not cause any physical violence. They should meet physical force with soul force. Their action should not cause any distrust in among the white people, because their luck is tied up with the luck of the white. But they should keep on struggling. The black people will be satisfied when the police will not torture them. When they are tired they must get lodging in the  motels and the hotels. Their houses should be better. They should be allowed to go  where the whites go. They should get the rights to vote and they should also know why they are voting.  He encourages them to keep on fighting they get justice and until they feel that they are created equal. But they should not lose their hopes. The revolt should be widespread King's dream and justice. It is a  dream of the land where content of character is more important than the colour of the skin. All the racists will no longer believe in colour. The blacks and the whites will be brothers and sisters. All the differences will disappear. There will be a sweet music of liberty resounding all over America. At last they will all be free.

1. What is the apparent purpose of this speech? ( यो भासणको स्पष्ट उद्योस्य के हो?)

The purpose of this speech is avoid racial injustice and provide freedom and equality to the blacks as promised in the American constitution.